Key Insights
The North American potato protein market, valued at approximately $196.2 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for plant-based alternatives and the rising popularity of sustainable and clean-label ingredients. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.07% from 2019 to 2025 indicates a consistent upward trajectory. Key drivers include the growing awareness of the health benefits associated with plant-based protein sources, the increasing adoption of vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, and a rising focus on reducing reliance on animal-based protein in food and animal feed applications. The market is segmented by type (potato protein concentrate and isolate) and application (beverage, snacks & bars, animal nutrition, and others), with animal nutrition and food applications currently representing significant market segments. Companies like Tereos Group, Avebe, and ADM are key players, investing in research and development to enhance product quality and expand their product portfolio, further driving market growth. Future growth is anticipated to be fueled by innovations in processing technologies leading to improved functionalities and cost-effectiveness of potato protein, coupled with expanding application areas, such as meat alternatives and functional foods. Regional trends within North America suggest that the United States will likely dominate the market due to its larger food and beverage industry and robust demand for plant-based alternatives, followed by Canada and Mexico.
The projected CAGR of 6.07% suggests a steady and continuous growth for the North American potato protein market throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Challenges including fluctuating raw material prices and potential supply chain disruptions need to be considered. However, continuous research and development efforts focused on improving the functionalities and texture of potato protein, alongside marketing strategies highlighting its nutritional benefits and environmental advantages, are expected to offset these challenges. The market is likely to witness increased mergers and acquisitions, further consolidating the industry and leading to enhanced production capabilities and market penetration. The segment of potato protein isolate, due to its higher protein concentration and functional properties, is expected to grow at a faster pace compared to potato protein concentrate. Furthermore, increasing awareness among consumers about the sustainability aspect of potato protein will contribute to the growth of this niche market segment within North America.

North America Potato Protein Industry: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a comprehensive analysis of the North America potato protein industry, offering a detailed overview of market trends, competitive landscape, and future growth prospects. Spanning the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on the base year 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report is an essential resource for stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on the opportunities within this dynamic sector. The market is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting robust growth throughout the forecast period.
North America Potato Protein Industry Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the current state of the North America potato protein market, examining market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory landscapes, substitute products, end-user profiles, and M&A activities. We analyze market share distribution among key players, including Tereos Group, Agridient, Avebe, Omega Protein Corporation, Agrana, Roquette Foods, ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company), Roquette Frères, AGT Foods, and Cargill, and provide insights into the value of significant M&A deals. The report identifies key trends shaping the market, such as the increasing demand for plant-based proteins and the growing interest in sustainable and ethical food sources.
- Market Concentration: The North American potato protein market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a few major players holding significant market share. The report quantifies this concentration with precise market share data for each key player. The market share of the top 5 players is estimated to be xx%.
- Innovation Catalysts: Advancements in extraction and processing technologies are driving innovation, leading to the development of higher-quality potato protein products with enhanced functionalities.
- Regulatory Landscape: The report analyzes relevant regulations and standards impacting the production, processing, and labeling of potato protein in North America.
- Substitute Products: The report examines substitute protein sources and their impact on market competition, including soy protein, pea protein, and others.
- End-User Profiles: A detailed analysis of end-user segments, including beverage, snacks & bar, animal nutrition, and others, is included.
- M&A Activities: The report details recent mergers and acquisitions, such as Omega Protein Corporation's acquisition of Veramaris, providing insights into deal values and their impact on market dynamics. The total value of M&A deals in the sector between 2019 and 2024 is estimated at xx Million.

North America Potato Protein Industry Industry Evolution
This section provides a comprehensive analysis of the North America potato protein industry's evolution, focusing on market growth trajectories, technological advancements, and shifting consumer demands. We analyze historical data from 2019-2024 and project future growth through 2033. The report details the factors contributing to market growth, including the rising demand for plant-based protein, increased health consciousness among consumers, and the growing popularity of vegetarian and vegan diets. Specific data points, including compound annual growth rates (CAGR) and adoption metrics for different potato protein types and applications, are included.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in North America Potato Protein Industry
This section pinpoints the dominant regions, countries, and segments within the North American potato protein market. A detailed analysis is conducted for each segment (By Type: Potato Protein Concentrate, Potato Protein Isolate; By Application: Beverage, Snacks & Bar, Animal Nutrition, Others), highlighting the factors driving their dominance.
By Type: The report will identify whether Potato Protein Concentrate or Isolate holds a larger market share and explain why.
By Application: A similar analysis will determine the dominant application segment (Beverage, Snacks & Bar, Animal Nutrition, or Others) and the reasons for its leading position. This analysis will include:
- Beverage: Key drivers such as increasing demand for plant-based beverages and the functional properties of potato protein in beverages will be discussed.
- Snacks & Bar: Factors contributing to the adoption of potato protein in this segment, like its texture and nutritional benefits, will be analyzed.
- Animal Nutrition: The role of potato protein as a sustainable and cost-effective feed ingredient for animal nutrition will be explored.
- Others: Emerging applications of potato protein in other food and non-food sectors will be examined.
Key Drivers: Bullet points will detail specific investment trends, regulatory support, and consumer preferences that contribute to the dominance of specific regions, countries, or segments.
North America Potato Protein Industry Product Innovations
This section highlights recent product innovations in the North American potato protein industry, detailing unique selling propositions, technological advancements, and performance metrics. Examples include the launch of novel potato protein-based meat alternatives by companies like Roquette Foods and the development of new formulations with enhanced functional properties.
Propelling Factors for North America Potato Protein Industry Growth
This section identifies key factors driving the growth of the North America potato protein industry. This includes technological advancements in extraction and processing, increasing consumer demand for plant-based proteins, favorable government policies supporting the development of sustainable food sources, and the growing awareness of the health benefits associated with potato protein.
Obstacles in the North America Potato Protein Industry Market
This section examines the challenges hindering the growth of the North American potato protein market. These challenges may include the fluctuating prices of potatoes, the complexity of the extraction process, the potential for allergen concerns, the competition from other plant-based protein sources, and the need for further research and development to enhance the functionality of potato protein in various applications. Quantifiable impacts of these barriers are provided whenever possible.
Future Opportunities in North America Potato Protein Industry
This section explores emerging opportunities for growth in the North American potato protein market. This includes the expansion into new geographic markets, the development of innovative applications in food and non-food sectors, the potential for collaborations and partnerships to drive innovation, and the exploration of new technologies to enhance the production efficiency and sustainability of potato protein.
Major Players in the North America Potato Protein Industry Ecosystem
- Tereos Group (Tereos Group)
- Agridient
- Avebe (Avebe)
- Omega Protein Corporation
- Agrana (Agrana)
- Roquette (Roquette)
- ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company) (ADM)
- AGT Foods
- Cargill (Cargill)
Key Developments in North America Potato Protein Industry Industry
- [Month, Year]: Omega Protein Corporation's acquisition of Veramaris.
- [Month, Year]: Roquette Foods launches a new potato protein-based meat alternative.
- [Month, Year]: Tereos Group and Avril establish a joint venture to build a pea and potato protein plant.
- [Month, Year]: Government grants awarded to support research and development in potato protein technologies (specific examples and amounts to be detailed).
Strategic North America Potato Protein Industry Market Forecast
This section summarizes the key growth catalysts and opportunities anticipated in the North America potato protein market during the forecast period (2025-2033). The analysis incorporates insights from previous sections, projecting market size, segmentation trends, and the impact of key developments on market growth. The report concludes with a summary of the key findings and implications for stakeholders in the industry.
North America Potato Protein Industry Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Beverage
- 2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 2.4. Others
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. United States
- 3.2. Canada
- 3.3. Mexico
- 3.4. Rest of North America
North America Potato Protein Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United States
- 2. Canada
- 3. Mexico
- 4. Rest of North America

North America Potato Protein Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.07% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increased Consumption of Baked Goods; Demand for Indigenous Fermented Foods
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Potential Side-effects of Yeast
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growing Application of Potato Protein in Sports Nutrition
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 5.1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Beverage
- 5.2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 5.2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 5.2.4. Others
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. United States
- 5.3.2. Canada
- 5.3.3. Mexico
- 5.3.4. Rest of North America
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. United States
- 5.4.2. Canada
- 5.4.3. Mexico
- 5.4.4. Rest of North America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. United States North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 6.1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Beverage
- 6.2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 6.2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 6.2.4. Others
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. United States
- 6.3.2. Canada
- 6.3.3. Mexico
- 6.3.4. Rest of North America
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. Canada North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 7.1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Beverage
- 7.2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 7.2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 7.2.4. Others
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. United States
- 7.3.2. Canada
- 7.3.3. Mexico
- 7.3.4. Rest of North America
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. Mexico North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 8.1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Beverage
- 8.2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 8.2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 8.2.4. Others
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. United States
- 8.3.2. Canada
- 8.3.3. Mexico
- 8.3.4. Rest of North America
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. Rest of North America North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Potato Protein Concentrate
- 9.1.2. Potato Protein Isolate
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Beverage
- 9.2.2. Snacks & Bar
- 9.2.3. Animal Nutrition
- 9.2.4. Others
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.3.1. United States
- 9.3.2. Canada
- 9.3.3. Mexico
- 9.3.4. Rest of North America
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. United States North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Canada North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Mexico North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Rest of North America North America Potato Protein Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Competitive Analysis
- 14.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 14.2. Company Profiles
- 14.2.1 Tereos Group
- 14.2.1.1. Overview
- 14.2.1.2. Products
- 14.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.2 Agridient
- 14.2.2.1. Overview
- 14.2.2.2. Products
- 14.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.3 Avebe
- 14.2.3.1. Overview
- 14.2.3.2. Products
- 14.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.4 Omega Protein Corporation
- 14.2.4.1. Overview
- 14.2.4.2. Products
- 14.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.5 Agrana
- 14.2.5.1. Overview
- 14.2.5.2. Products
- 14.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.6 Roquette Foods*List Not Exhaustive
- 14.2.6.1. Overview
- 14.2.6.2. Products
- 14.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.7 ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company) Roquette Frères x
- 14.2.7.1. Overview
- 14.2.7.2. Products
- 14.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.8 Roquette Frères
- 14.2.8.1. Overview
- 14.2.8.2. Products
- 14.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.9 AGT Foods
- 14.2.9.1. Overview
- 14.2.9.2. Products
- 14.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.10 Cargill
- 14.2.10.1. Overview
- 14.2.10.2. Products
- 14.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.1 Tereos Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Potato Protein Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: United States North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: United States North America Potato Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Canada North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Canada North America Potato Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Mexico North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Mexico North America Potato Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Rest of North America North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Rest of North America North America Potato Protein Industry Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: North America Potato Protein Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: North America Potato Protein Industry Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the North America Potato Protein Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.07%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the North America Potato Protein Industry?
Key companies in the market include Tereos Group, Agridient, Avebe, Omega Protein Corporation, Agrana, Roquette Foods*List Not Exhaustive, ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company) Roquette Frères x, Roquette Frères , AGT Foods , Cargill.
3. What are the main segments of the North America Potato Protein Industry?
The market segments include Type, Application, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 196.2 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increased Consumption of Baked Goods; Demand for Indigenous Fermented Foods.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growing Application of Potato Protein in Sports Nutrition.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Potential Side-effects of Yeast.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
Acquisitions and mergers, e.g., Omega Protein Corporation's acquisition of Veramaris
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Tons.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "North America Potato Protein Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the North America Potato Protein Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the North America Potato Protein Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the North America Potato Protein Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence