Key Insights
The global thermosetting plastics market, valued at $127.5 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The construction industry's increasing reliance on high-performance materials with enhanced durability and resistance to extreme conditions significantly boosts demand for thermosetting plastics. Similarly, the burgeoning electronics and appliances sector, demanding lightweight yet robust components, fuels market growth. The automotive industry's adoption of advanced materials for lightweighting vehicles and improved safety features further contributes to the market's expansion. Growth is also spurred by the rising demand for high-performance adhesives and sealants across various industrial applications. While raw material price fluctuations and environmental concerns regarding the recyclability of certain thermosetting plastics pose challenges, ongoing research and development into sustainable alternatives and improved manufacturing processes are mitigating these restraints. The market segmentation reveals unsaturated polyesters and polyurethanes as leading types, primarily driven by their versatility and cost-effectiveness across numerous applications. Geographically, North America and Asia-Pacific are expected to dominate the market, fueled by robust infrastructure development and industrial growth in these regions. Key players like Lanxess AG, Polynt S.p.A., and BASF SE are strategically investing in innovation and expanding their product portfolios to cater to the growing demand.
The forecast period (2025-2033) indicates continued market expansion, particularly driven by technological advancements in material formulations that enhance properties like heat resistance, chemical stability, and electrical insulation. This translates to increased applications in high-tech sectors such as aerospace and renewable energy. Furthermore, the shift towards sustainable practices in manufacturing and the introduction of bio-based thermosetting resins will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory. Competitive dynamics will remain intense, with companies focusing on strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and geographical expansion to secure market share. The overall outlook for the thermosetting plastics market remains positive, with significant growth potential driven by technological innovation and increasing demand across various end-use industries.

Thermosetting Plastics Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the global thermosetting plastics market, offering a comprehensive overview of market trends, growth drivers, challenges, and future opportunities. Valued at xx Billion in 2025, the market is poised for significant expansion, reaching xx Billion by 2033. This in-depth study covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base year. Key players, including Lanxess AG, Polynt S.p.A., and BASF SE, are profiled, providing a competitive landscape analysis. The report is an essential resource for stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on the evolving dynamics of this crucial sector.
Thermosetting Plastics Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the intricate structure of the thermosetting plastics market, examining market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory landscapes, substitute products, end-user profiles, and mergers & acquisitions (M&A) activities. The market exhibits a moderately consolidated structure, with the top five players holding an estimated xx% market share in 2025. Innovation is driven by the need for higher performance materials with enhanced properties like heat resistance, durability, and lightweighting. Stringent environmental regulations are impacting material selection and manufacturing processes. Competition from alternative materials, such as thermoplastics and composites, adds further complexity. End-user industries, including construction, automotive, and electronics, present diverse demand profiles.
- Market Share Distribution (2025): Top 5 players – xx%; Others – xx%
- M&A Activity (2019-2024): Total deal value estimated at xx Billion, with an average deal size of xx Billion. Significant acquisitions include Westlake Chemical's acquisition of Hexion Inc.'s epoxy business.
- Key Regulatory Factors: Focus on sustainability and reduction of VOC emissions.
- Substitute Products: Thermoplastics, composites, and other high-performance materials.
- End-User Profiles: Construction (xx%), Automotive (xx%), Electronics (xx%), Others (xx%).

Thermosetting Plastics Market Industry Evolution
The thermosetting plastics market has experienced consistent growth throughout the historical period (2019-2024), driven by increasing demand from various end-use sectors. The market witnessed a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% from 2019 to 2024. Technological advancements, particularly in material formulations and processing techniques, have enabled the development of higher-performance materials with improved properties and functionalities. Consumer preferences are shifting towards lightweight, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions, impacting product development and innovation strategies. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, driven by factors like infrastructure development, increasing adoption of electronics, and the automotive industry's demand for lightweight materials. The market is expected to achieve a CAGR of xx% during this period, reaching a value of xx Billion by 2033. Key trends include the growing adoption of bio-based thermosets and the development of advanced composites.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Thermosetting Plastics Market
The Asia-Pacific region currently dominates the thermosetting plastics market, driven by robust economic growth, burgeoning construction activities, and a large automotive sector. Within this region, China and India are key growth markets. However, North America and Europe also maintain significant market shares. Among the different types of thermosetting plastics, unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins lead the market due to their wide range of applications and relatively low cost. The automotive industry is a major driver for epoxy resins, while unsaturated polyesters find extensive use in construction and marine applications.
- Key Drivers in Asia-Pacific: Rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, and automotive production.
- Key Drivers in North America: Strong automotive and aerospace sectors.
- Key Drivers in Europe: Focus on sustainability and stringent environmental regulations.
- Dominant Types: Unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins due to their versatility and cost-effectiveness.
- Dominant End-user Industry: Construction and automotive, driven by demand for durable and high-performance materials.
Thermosetting Plastics Market Product Innovations
Recent product innovations include the development of high-performance thermosetting polymers with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and chemical resistance. These materials are finding increased applications in high-demand industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive. Significant advancements have been made in bio-based thermosets, providing environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based resins. These innovations are driving market growth by offering improved product performance and sustainability features, differentiating products and expanding applications.
Propelling Factors for Thermosetting Plastics Market Growth
Several factors contribute to the robust growth of the thermosetting plastics market. Increasing infrastructure development globally drives demand in construction applications. The automotive industry's continuous pursuit of lightweighting and improved fuel efficiency fuels demand for high-performance thermosets. Technological advancements are enabling the development of specialized resins tailored to specific applications, further enhancing market penetration. Favorable government regulations promoting sustainability further support market expansion.
Obstacles in the Thermosetting Plastics Market
The thermosetting plastics market faces certain challenges. Fluctuations in raw material prices can impact production costs and profitability. Stringent environmental regulations may require manufacturers to invest in cleaner production technologies, which could incur significant upfront costs. Competition from alternative materials limits market expansion. Furthermore, supply chain disruptions can cause production delays and negatively impact market dynamics.
Future Opportunities in Thermosetting Plastics Market
Emerging opportunities lie in the development of advanced composites, bio-based thermosets, and specialized resins for niche applications like 3D printing. The expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market necessitates high-performance thermosets for battery components and other applications. Emerging markets in developing economies present significant growth potentials. The increasing demand for lightweight and sustainable materials across diverse industries will continue driving market expansion.
Major Players in the Thermosetting Plastics Market Ecosystem
- Lanxess AG
- Polynt S.p.A.
- Asahi Kasei Corporation
- Solvay
- INEOS
- Celanese Corporation
- Kanoria Chembond Pvt Ltd
- Alchemie Ltd
- Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd
- BASF SE
- U-PICA Company Ltd
- DSM
- LG Chem
- Resonac Holdings Corporation
- Eastman Chemical Company
- Daicel Corporation
- Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corporation
- BUFA GmbH & Co KG
- Westlake Corporation
- NIHON GOSEI KAKO Co Ltd
Key Developments in Thermosetting Plastics Market Industry
- February 2022: Westlake Chemical Corporation acquired Hexion Inc.'s global epoxy business for approximately USD 1.2 Billion. This significantly strengthened Westlake's position in the epoxy resin market.
- April 2022: Prince International Corporation acquired Ferro Corporation and Chromaflo Technologies to form Vibrantz Technologies Inc. This merger expanded the supply of additives and colorants for thermosetting plastics manufacturing.
Strategic Thermosetting Plastics Market Forecast
The thermosetting plastics market is expected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period, driven by technological advancements, expanding applications in key industries, and increasing demand for sustainable materials. Emerging markets and the continuous development of high-performance materials with enhanced properties will further stimulate market growth. The market's resilience and diverse applications across numerous sectors point towards a sustained period of expansion and significant market potential.
Thermosetting Plastics Market Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 1.2. Polyurethanes
- 1.3. Phenolic
- 1.4. Epoxy
- 1.5. Amino
- 1.6. Alkyd
- 1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 1.8. Other Types
-
2. End-user Industry
- 2.1. Construction
- 2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 2.4. Automotive
- 2.5. Other End-user Industries
Thermosetting Plastics Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. India
- 1.3. Japan
- 1.4. South Korea
- 1.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
2. North America
- 2.1. United States
- 2.2. Canada
- 2.3. Mexico
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. Germany
- 3.2. United Kingdom
- 3.3. Italy
- 3.4. France
- 3.5. Rest of Europe
-
4. South America
- 4.1. Brazil
- 4.2. Argentina
- 4.3. Rest of South America
-
5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Saudi Arabia
- 5.2. South Africa
- 5.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa

Thermosetting Plastics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.7% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growing Construction Industry in Asia-Pacific; Rising Demand for Polyurethane in the Automotive Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Stringent Government Regulations; Other Restraints
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Demand from Construction Industry
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 5.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 5.1.3. Phenolic
- 5.1.4. Epoxy
- 5.1.5. Amino
- 5.1.6. Alkyd
- 5.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 5.1.8. Other Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 5.2.1. Construction
- 5.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 5.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 5.2.4. Automotive
- 5.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.2. North America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. South America
- 5.3.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 6.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 6.1.3. Phenolic
- 6.1.4. Epoxy
- 6.1.5. Amino
- 6.1.6. Alkyd
- 6.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 6.1.8. Other Types
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 6.2.1. Construction
- 6.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 6.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 6.2.4. Automotive
- 6.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 7.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 7.1.3. Phenolic
- 7.1.4. Epoxy
- 7.1.5. Amino
- 7.1.6. Alkyd
- 7.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 7.1.8. Other Types
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 7.2.1. Construction
- 7.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 7.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 7.2.4. Automotive
- 7.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 8.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 8.1.3. Phenolic
- 8.1.4. Epoxy
- 8.1.5. Amino
- 8.1.6. Alkyd
- 8.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 8.1.8. Other Types
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 8.2.1. Construction
- 8.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 8.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 8.2.4. Automotive
- 8.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 9.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 9.1.3. Phenolic
- 9.1.4. Epoxy
- 9.1.5. Amino
- 9.1.6. Alkyd
- 9.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 9.1.8. Other Types
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 9.2.1. Construction
- 9.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 9.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 9.2.4. Automotive
- 9.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.1.1. Unsaturated Polyesters
- 10.1.2. Polyurethanes
- 10.1.3. Phenolic
- 10.1.4. Epoxy
- 10.1.5. Amino
- 10.1.6. Alkyd
- 10.1.7. Vinyl Ester
- 10.1.8. Other Types
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 10.2.1. Construction
- 10.2.2. Adhesive and Sealants
- 10.2.3. Electronics and Appliances
- 10.2.4. Automotive
- 10.2.5. Other End-user Industries
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 11. North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1 United States
- 11.1.2 Canada
- 11.1.3 Mexico
- 12. Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1 Germany
- 12.1.2 France
- 12.1.3 Italy
- 12.1.4 United Kingdom
- 12.1.5 Netherlands
- 12.1.6 Rest of Europe
- 13. Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1 China
- 13.1.2 Japan
- 13.1.3 India
- 13.1.4 South Korea
- 13.1.5 Taiwan
- 13.1.6 Australia
- 13.1.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 14. South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1 Brazil
- 14.1.2 Argentina
- 14.1.3 Rest of South America
- 15. MEA Thermosetting Plastics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1 Middle East
- 15.1.2 Africa
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Lanxess AG
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Polynt S p A
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Asahi Kasei Corporation
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Solvay
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 INEOS
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Celanese Corporation
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Kanoria Chembond Pvt Ltd
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Alchemie Ltd
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 BASF SE
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.11 U-PICA Company Ltd
- 16.2.11.1. Overview
- 16.2.11.2. Products
- 16.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.12 DSM
- 16.2.12.1. Overview
- 16.2.12.2. Products
- 16.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.13 LG Chem
- 16.2.13.1. Overview
- 16.2.13.2. Products
- 16.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.14 Resonac Holdings Corporation
- 16.2.14.1. Overview
- 16.2.14.2. Products
- 16.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.15 Eastman Chemical Company
- 16.2.15.1. Overview
- 16.2.15.2. Products
- 16.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.16 Daicel Corporation
- 16.2.16.1. Overview
- 16.2.16.2. Products
- 16.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.17 Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corporation
- 16.2.17.1. Overview
- 16.2.17.2. Products
- 16.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.18 BUFA GmbH & Co KG
- 16.2.18.1. Overview
- 16.2.18.2. Products
- 16.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.19 Westlake Corporation
- 16.2.19.1. Overview
- 16.2.19.2. Products
- 16.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.20 NIHON GOSEI KAKO Co Ltd
- 16.2.20.1. Overview
- 16.2.20.2. Products
- 16.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Lanxess AG
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Breakdown (Billion, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Breakdown (K Tons, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: MEA Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: MEA Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: MEA Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: MEA Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 32: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 33: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 34: Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 35: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 36: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 37: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 38: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 39: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 40: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 41: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 42: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 43: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 44: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 45: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 46: North America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 47: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 48: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 49: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 50: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 51: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 52: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 53: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 54: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 55: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 56: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 57: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 58: Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 59: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 60: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 61: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 62: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 63: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 64: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 65: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 66: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 67: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 68: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 69: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 70: South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 71: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 72: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 73: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 74: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 75: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 76: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 77: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 78: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 79: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 80: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 81: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 82: Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: United States Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: United States Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Canada Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Canada Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Mexico Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Mexico Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Germany Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Germany Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: France Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: France Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Italy Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Italy Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: United Kingdom Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: United Kingdom Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Netherlands Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Netherlands Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Rest of Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Rest of Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: China Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: China Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Japan Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Japan Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: India Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: India Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: South Korea Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: South Korea Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Taiwan Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Taiwan Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Australia Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Australia Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Rest of Asia-Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Rest of Asia-Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Brazil Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Brazil Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Argentina Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Argentina Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Rest of South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Rest of South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 57: Middle East Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 58: Middle East Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 59: Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 60: Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 61: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 62: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 63: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 64: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 65: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 66: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 67: China Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 68: China Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 69: India Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 70: India Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 71: Japan Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 72: Japan Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 73: South Korea Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 74: South Korea Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 75: Rest of Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 76: Rest of Asia Pacific Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 77: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 78: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 79: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 80: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 81: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 82: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 83: United States Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 84: United States Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 85: Canada Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 86: Canada Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 87: Mexico Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 88: Mexico Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 89: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 90: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 91: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 92: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 93: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 94: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 95: Germany Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 96: Germany Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 97: United Kingdom Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 98: United Kingdom Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 99: Italy Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 100: Italy Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 101: France Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 102: France Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 103: Rest of Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 104: Rest of Europe Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 105: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 106: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 107: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 108: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 109: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 110: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 111: Brazil Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 112: Brazil Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 113: Argentina Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 114: Argentina Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 115: Rest of South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 116: Rest of South America Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 117: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 118: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 119: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 120: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 121: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 122: Global Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 123: Saudi Arabia Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 124: Saudi Arabia Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 125: South Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 126: South Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 127: Rest of Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Revenue (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 128: Rest of Middle East and Africa Thermosetting Plastics Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Thermosetting Plastics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.7%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Thermosetting Plastics Market?
Key companies in the market include Lanxess AG, Polynt S p A, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Solvay, INEOS, Celanese Corporation, Kanoria Chembond Pvt Ltd, Alchemie Ltd, Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd, BASF SE, U-PICA Company Ltd, DSM, LG Chem, Resonac Holdings Corporation, Eastman Chemical Company, Daicel Corporation, Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corporation, BUFA GmbH & Co KG, Westlake Corporation, NIHON GOSEI KAKO Co Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Thermosetting Plastics Market?
The market segments include Type, End-user Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 127.5 Billion as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growing Construction Industry in Asia-Pacific; Rising Demand for Polyurethane in the Automotive Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Demand from Construction Industry.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Stringent Government Regulations; Other Restraints.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
April 2022: Prince International Corporation acquired two companies named, Ferro Corporation and Chromaflo Technologies to form one new company. Both these companies manufacture and sell additives and colorant products for the manufacturing of thermosetting plastics. Post the acquisition, the newly formed company will operate asVibrantz Technologies Inc.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Billion and volume, measured in K Tons.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Thermosetting Plastics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Thermosetting Plastics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Thermosetting Plastics Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Thermosetting Plastics Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence