Key Insights
The European barrier films market, valued at €7.51 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by rising demand across diverse end-use sectors. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.84% from 2025 to 2033 signifies a substantial market expansion, fueled by several key factors. The increasing preference for extended shelf life and enhanced product preservation in the food and beverage industry is a primary driver. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical and medical sectors' stringent quality and safety standards necessitate the use of high-barrier films for packaging sensitive medications and medical devices, stimulating market growth. Growing consumer awareness of food safety and hygiene also contributes significantly to the demand for barrier films. The packaging materials segment is dominated by polyethylene, BOPET, and polypropylene, reflecting their cost-effectiveness and versatility. However, the market also witnesses increasing adoption of more sustainable and eco-friendly materials as environmental concerns gain traction. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom represent the largest national markets within Europe, reflecting their substantial manufacturing and consumer bases. Competition is intense, with a mix of multinational corporations and regional players vying for market share. This competitive landscape fosters innovation and the development of novel barrier film solutions.
The market segmentation reveals a dynamic landscape. Bags and pouches hold a significant share within the packaging product segment, reflecting their widespread use across various applications. The food and pet food industry remains the dominant end-user sector, followed by beverages and pharmaceuticals. Geographic distribution reveals a concentrated market in Western Europe, with Germany, France, the UK, and Italy accounting for a substantial portion of the overall market value. While the provided data focuses on these leading countries, significant growth potential exists in the “Rest of Europe” segment due to increased industrialization and rising disposable incomes in these regions. Continued innovation in material science, particularly focusing on bio-based and recyclable alternatives, will shape the future trajectory of the market, alongside evolving regulatory landscapes concerning packaging waste. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates consistent growth, influenced by the factors detailed above and further driven by emerging trends in e-commerce and changing consumer preferences for convenience and sustainability.

Europe Barrier Films Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the Europe Barrier Films Market, offering a comprehensive overview of market trends, competitive landscape, and future growth prospects. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year. The report is essential for stakeholders seeking to understand the dynamics of this evolving market and make informed strategic decisions. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033).
Europe Barrier Films Market Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the intricate composition of the European barrier films market, evaluating key aspects that shape its trajectory. We analyze market concentration, identifying the leading players and their respective market shares. The report explores innovation catalysts, such as advancements in material science and packaging technology, driving market growth. A detailed examination of the regulatory landscape, including EU directives on food safety and recyclability, highlights its impact on market players. We also assess the competitive landscape, including the presence of substitute products and their influence on market share. The analysis further encompasses end-user profiles across diverse industries and significant M&A activities, including deal values and their implications for market consolidation.
- Market Concentration: The European barrier films market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with the top 5 players holding an estimated xx% market share in 2024.
- Innovation Catalysts: Advancements in barrier film technologies, such as EVOH and bio-based polymers, are driving innovation.
- Regulatory Landscape: Stringent regulations regarding food safety and recyclability influence material selection and packaging design.
- Substitute Products: The availability of alternative packaging materials, like glass and metal, presents competitive pressures.
- End-User Profiles: The market caters to a diverse range of end-user industries, including food & beverage, pharmaceuticals, and personal care.
- M&A Activities: Recent mergers and acquisitions, such as the Constantia acquisition of Drukpol Flexo (March 2023), demonstrate consolidation trends and increased market competition. The total M&A deal value in 2024 was estimated at xx Million.

Europe Barrier Films Market Industry Evolution
This section provides a detailed analysis of the Europe Barrier Films Market's evolution, encompassing market growth trajectories, technological advancements, and shifting consumer preferences. We examine the historical period (2019-2024) and forecast the market's future (2025-2033). The analysis incorporates specific data points on growth rates, adoption metrics for new technologies, and the impact of consumer behavior on market demands. We explore the influence of sustainability concerns on material choices and packaging design, alongside the increasing demand for flexible and convenient packaging solutions. Technological advancements, such as improved barrier properties and enhanced printing capabilities, are analyzed for their impact on market growth. The influence of e-commerce on packaging requirements and the preference for sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions are also discussed.
- Growth rate from 2019 to 2024: xx%
- Projected growth rate from 2025 to 2033: xx%
- Adoption rate of new barrier film technologies: xx% (2024)
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Barrier Films Market
This section identifies the leading regions, countries, and segments within the Europe Barrier Films Market, providing a detailed analysis of their dominance factors and growth drivers. The key segments analyzed include: By Packaging Product, By Material, By End-user Industry, and By Country. We explore factors driving growth in leading segments using both bullet points and paragraph-form analysis.
By Packaging Product:
- Bags and Pouches: This segment holds the largest market share, driven by its versatility and suitability for various applications.
- Stretch and Shrink Wrap Films: Strong growth is fueled by the increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective packaging solutions in the food and beverage sectors.
- Tray Lidding Films: This segment is expanding due to its use in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) applications, extending product shelf life.
By Material:
- Polyethylene (PE): This remains a dominant material due to its cost-effectiveness and versatility.
- BOPET: High barrier properties and excellent clarity make BOPET a preferred choice for high-value products.
- Polypropylene (CPP and BOPP): Its cost-effectiveness and good barrier properties are key drivers for growth in certain applications.
By End-user Industry:
- Food and Pet Food: This segment accounts for a significant portion of market demand, driven by food preservation needs and the rise of convenient packaging.
- Pharmaceutical and Medical: Stringent regulatory requirements and the need for tamper-evident packaging drive this segment's growth.
By Country:
- Germany: A strong manufacturing base and large consumer market make Germany a leading market. Key drivers include strong industrial activity and high regulatory requirements.
- United Kingdom: Similar to Germany, it benefits from a large and sophisticated consumer market. Drivers include a large food and beverage sector and robust regulations.
- France: Significant growth is observed due to factors including a developing manufacturing sector and high consumer demand for convenience products.
Other European countries follow with varied growth rates based on their economic activity and specific industry requirements.
Europe Barrier Films Market Product Innovations
Recent years have witnessed significant innovation in barrier film technology. New materials such as advanced biopolymers are being developed, offering enhanced barrier properties and improved sustainability. These innovations cater to the growing demand for eco-friendly and recyclable packaging. Further advancements include improved printing techniques enabling high-quality graphics and enhanced product branding. These innovations significantly influence consumer purchasing decisions and improve the overall value proposition for brands.
Propelling Factors for Europe Barrier Films Market Growth
Several factors are driving the growth of the Europe Barrier Films Market. Increased demand for convenient and extended shelf-life packaging from consumers is a key driver. Technological advancements in barrier film materials and manufacturing processes further contribute to this expansion. Stringent regulatory requirements related to food safety and environmental sustainability are also influencing the adoption of advanced barrier film technologies. Economic growth in various end-user industries, particularly food and beverages, further fuels market demand.
Obstacles in the Europe Barrier Films Market Market
Despite positive growth prospects, the Europe Barrier Films Market faces certain obstacles. Fluctuations in raw material prices can impact production costs and profitability. Supply chain disruptions, particularly concerning raw materials, can hinder production and delivery schedules. Intense competition among established players and the emergence of new entrants present a challenge for maintaining market share.
Future Opportunities in Europe Barrier Films Market
The future of the Europe Barrier Films Market holds exciting opportunities. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions presents a significant growth avenue. Innovation in biodegradable and compostable barrier films is expected to drive market expansion. Further expansion into emerging markets and niche applications within the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare sectors is projected.
Major Players in the Europe Barrier Films Market Ecosystem
- Bak Ambalaj
- Berry Global Group Inc
- Danaflex Group
- Amcor PLC
- Mondi Group PLC
- Wipak Oy (Wihuri Oy)
- adapa Holding GsembH
- Gualapack
- Di Mauro Officine Grafiche SpA
- Coveris Holdings
- Sudpack Verpackungen
- CDM Sp z o o
- Cellografica Gerosa SpA
- Constantia Flexibles
- UFLEX Limited
- Sealed Air Corporation
- Huhtamaki Oyj
- Toppan Inc
- List Not Exhaustive
Key Developments in Europe Barrier Films Market Industry
- March 2023: Constantia acquired Drukpol Flexo, expanding its flexo printing capabilities and customer base.
- March 2023: Toppan established a new facility in Most, Czech Republic, to boost its European transparent barrier film production capacity by the end of 2024.
- April 2023: Gualapack Spa acquired Print & Packaging Farma, expanding its pharmaceutical and nutraceutical product offerings.
Strategic Europe Barrier Films Market Market Forecast
The Europe Barrier Films Market is poised for robust growth, driven by a confluence of factors, including the rising demand for sustainable and convenient packaging, technological advancements, and expanding end-user industries. Further market expansion is anticipated due to increasing investments in innovative barrier film technologies and the growing adoption of eco-friendly materials. The market's future prospects remain positive, presenting significant opportunities for market players.
Europe Barrier Films Market Segmentation
-
1. Packaging Product
- 1.1. Bags and Pouches
- 1.2. Stretch and Shrink Wrap Films
- 1.3. Tray Lidding Films
- 1.4. Wrapping Films and Forming Webs
- 1.5. Blister Base Films
-
2. Material
- 2.1. Polyethylene
- 2.2. BOPET
- 2.3. Polypropylene (CPP and BOPP)
- 2.4. Polyvinyl Chloride
- 2.5. Other Material (EVOH, Polystyrene (PS), and Nylon)
-
3. End user Industry
- 3.1. Food and Pet Food
- 3.2. Beverages
- 3.3. Pharmaceutical and Medical
- 3.4. Personal and Home Care
- 3.5. Other End-user Industries
Europe Barrier Films Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Europe
- 1.1. United Kingdom
- 1.2. Germany
- 1.3. France
- 1.4. Italy
- 1.5. Spain
- 1.6. Netherlands
- 1.7. Belgium
- 1.8. Sweden
- 1.9. Norway
- 1.10. Poland
- 1.11. Denmark

Europe Barrier Films Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.84% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Replacement of Rigid Packaging Formats; Increasing Biodegradable Barrier Films
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Environmental Legislation for Recycling
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Food and Pet Food Markets to Register Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Packaging Product
- 5.1.1. Bags and Pouches
- 5.1.2. Stretch and Shrink Wrap Films
- 5.1.3. Tray Lidding Films
- 5.1.4. Wrapping Films and Forming Webs
- 5.1.5. Blister Base Films
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material
- 5.2.1. Polyethylene
- 5.2.2. BOPET
- 5.2.3. Polypropylene (CPP and BOPP)
- 5.2.4. Polyvinyl Chloride
- 5.2.5. Other Material (EVOH, Polystyrene (PS), and Nylon)
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End user Industry
- 5.3.1. Food and Pet Food
- 5.3.2. Beverages
- 5.3.3. Pharmaceutical and Medical
- 5.3.4. Personal and Home Care
- 5.3.5. Other End-user Industries
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Packaging Product
- 6. Germany Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. France Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Italy Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. United Kingdom Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Netherlands Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Sweden Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Barrier Films Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Bak Ambalaj
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Berry Global Group Inc
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Danaflex Group
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Amcor PLC
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 Mondi Group PLC
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Wipak Oy (Wihuri Oy)
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 adapa Holding GsembH
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 Gualapack
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Di Mauro Officine Grafiche SpA
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Coveris Holdings
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Sudpack Verpackungen
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.12 CDM Sp z o o
- 13.2.12.1. Overview
- 13.2.12.2. Products
- 13.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.13 Cellografica Gerosa SpA
- 13.2.13.1. Overview
- 13.2.13.2. Products
- 13.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.14 Constantia Flexibles
- 13.2.14.1. Overview
- 13.2.14.2. Products
- 13.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.15 UFLEX Limited
- 13.2.15.1. Overview
- 13.2.15.2. Products
- 13.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.16 Sealed Air Corporation
- 13.2.16.1. Overview
- 13.2.16.2. Products
- 13.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.17 Huhtamaki Oyj
- 13.2.17.1. Overview
- 13.2.17.2. Products
- 13.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.18 Toppan Inc *List Not Exhaustive
- 13.2.18.1. Overview
- 13.2.18.2. Products
- 13.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Bak Ambalaj
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Barrier Films Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Packaging Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Germany Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: France Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Italy Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: United Kingdom Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Netherlands Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Sweden Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Europe Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Packaging Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United Kingdom Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Germany Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: France Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Italy Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Spain Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Netherlands Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Belgium Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Sweden Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Norway Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Poland Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Denmark Europe Barrier Films Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Barrier Films Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.84%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Barrier Films Market?
Key companies in the market include Bak Ambalaj, Berry Global Group Inc, Danaflex Group, Amcor PLC, Mondi Group PLC, Wipak Oy (Wihuri Oy), adapa Holding GsembH, Gualapack, Di Mauro Officine Grafiche SpA, Coveris Holdings, Sudpack Verpackungen, CDM Sp z o o, Cellografica Gerosa SpA, Constantia Flexibles, UFLEX Limited, Sealed Air Corporation, Huhtamaki Oyj, Toppan Inc *List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Barrier Films Market?
The market segments include Packaging Product, Material, End user Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 7.51 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Replacement of Rigid Packaging Formats; Increasing Biodegradable Barrier Films.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Food and Pet Food Markets to Register Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Environmental Legislation for Recycling.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
March 2023: Constantia announced that it had acquired the Clean organization Drukpol Flexo. Drukpol Flexo is a well-established player in the Clean, flexible packaging market. This acquisition further enhanced the Gathering's flexo printing capabilities following the acquisitions of Propak and FFP. In addition, it expands the Group's local customer base and increases its cost-competitiveness.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Barrier Films Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Barrier Films Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Barrier Films Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Barrier Films Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence