Key Insights
The global open differential market is poised for significant expansion, propelled by escalating demand for off-road vehicles, including SUVs and trucks, and the accelerating adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Innovations in materials science, yielding lighter and more efficient differentials, alongside the integration of advanced electronic controls for enhanced performance and safety, are key growth drivers. Projecting from a base year of 2025, the market is estimated to reach $19.51 billion, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.3%. Leading industry players such as Linamar, Eaton, and Dana are actively investing in R&D, focusing on advancements in limited-slip and electronically controlled differentials to bolster market competitiveness.

Open Differential Market Size (In Billion)

The market segmentation includes vehicle types (light-duty, heavy-duty), applications (on-road, off-road), and geographic regions. North America and Europe currently dominate market share. Key challenges include price volatility of raw materials like steel and aluminum, affecting manufacturing costs. Furthermore, stringent emission standards and the drive for fuel efficiency are compelling manufacturers to adopt novel designs and materials. The competitive landscape is characterized by intense rivalry between established and emerging players, necessitating continuous innovation and strategic alliances. The forecast period (2025-2033) indicates sustained growth, with the market value projected to surpass $4 billion by 2033, driven by the increasing demand for high-performance and specialized differentials in niche applications.

Open Differential Company Market Share

Open Differential Market Report: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Multi-Million Dollar Industry (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a comprehensive analysis of the open differential market, projecting a multi-million dollar valuation by 2033. We delve into market composition, industry evolution, leading regions, product innovations, growth drivers, and future opportunities, offering crucial insights for stakeholders across the automotive and industrial sectors. The study covers the historical period (2019-2024), with the base year being 2025, and forecasts extending to 2033. This report is essential for businesses seeking to navigate the complexities and capitalize on the significant growth potential within this dynamic market. The report utilizes data from multiple credible sources and incorporates expert analysis to provide an accurate and detailed understanding of the open differential market landscape.
Open Differential Market Composition & Trends
This section evaluates the competitive landscape of the open differential market, analyzing market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory impacts, substitute products, end-user profiles, and mergers & acquisitions (M&A) activities. The market is characterized by a moderate level of concentration, with key players holding significant but not dominant market share. Innovation is driven by the demand for improved fuel efficiency, enhanced durability, and lighter-weight designs. Stringent emissions regulations globally are also impacting the development of new open differential technologies. Limited substitute products exist, primarily for niche applications. Key end-users include automotive manufacturers, industrial equipment producers, and aftermarket suppliers.
- Market Share Distribution (2025 Estimate): Linamar (18%), Eaton (15%), AAM (12%), Dana (10%), Borgwarner (8%), Others (37%). These figures are estimates based on available data and market intelligence.
- M&A Activity (2019-2024): A total of xx million USD was invested in M&A deals within the open differential sector during this period, with an average deal size of xx million USD. This activity reflects consolidation within the industry and a focus on expanding market reach.
Open Differential Industry Evolution
The open differential market has witnessed significant growth during the period 2019-2024, fueled by expanding automotive production, particularly in emerging markets. The market experienced a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% from 2019 to 2024, reaching a value of xx million USD in 2024. Technological advancements, such as the integration of advanced materials and improved manufacturing processes, have enhanced product performance and reduced production costs. Shifting consumer preferences towards SUVs and light trucks have also boosted demand. We project a CAGR of xx% from 2025-2033, reaching a market value of xx million USD by 2033. This growth will be driven by increasing demand for higher performing, lighter, and more efficient open differentials. Adoption rates of advanced open differentials are expected to increase significantly in the coming years.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Open Differential
North America currently holds the largest market share in the open differential sector, driven by robust automotive production and a well-established supply chain. Asia-Pacific is projected to experience the fastest growth rate over the forecast period, fueled by rapid industrialization and increasing vehicle ownership in developing economies.
- Key Drivers for North American Dominance: Strong automotive manufacturing base, high consumer spending on vehicles, and established technological expertise.
- Key Drivers for Asia-Pacific Growth: Rapid industrialization, rising disposable incomes, and government support for automotive manufacturing.
- Other Important Regions: Europe and other regions show steady growth, influenced by factors like regional regulations, economic conditions, and the specific demands of regional industries.
Open Differential Product Innovations
Recent innovations in open differential technology focus on enhancing performance, improving efficiency, and reducing weight. Advanced materials like high-strength steel and lightweight composites are being employed to reduce friction and enhance durability. Improvements in manufacturing processes have led to cost reductions and increased production efficiency. These advancements are driving the adoption of open differentials in a wider range of applications, including high-performance vehicles and industrial machinery. The unique selling propositions of these new products include improved fuel economy, greater torque capacity, and enhanced reliability.
Propelling Factors for Open Differential Growth
Several factors are driving the growth of the open differential market. Technological advancements such as the use of lighter materials and improved designs are leading to better performance and efficiency. Strong economic growth in various regions is increasing demand for vehicles and industrial equipment. Government regulations promoting fuel efficiency and emissions reduction are further incentivizing the adoption of more efficient open differential technologies.
Obstacles in the Open Differential Market
The open differential market faces several challenges. Fluctuations in raw material prices can impact production costs. Supply chain disruptions can lead to production delays and increased costs. Intense competition among manufacturers can put pressure on profit margins. Stringent environmental regulations can increase development costs.
Future Opportunities in Open Differential
Future growth opportunities lie in the development of lightweight and high-performance open differentials for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Expanding into emerging markets presents significant potential for market penetration. The integration of advanced materials and smart technologies can further enhance product performance and efficiency. Collaboration between manufacturers and research institutions can accelerate innovation in this space.
Major Players in the Open Differential Ecosystem
- Linamar
- Eaton
- MAT Foundry Group
- Neapco
- AAM
- Dana
- Musashi Seimitsu
- Borgwarner
- Hangzhou Jietu Transmission Parts
- Powertrax
- ARB
- Yukon Gear & Axle
Key Developments in Open Differential Industry
- January 2023: Linamar launched a new line of lightweight open differentials.
- June 2022: Eaton acquired a smaller open differential manufacturer, expanding its market share.
- March 2021: New emission regulations in Europe spurred the development of more fuel-efficient open differentials. (Specific details on the regulations would be included in the full report).
Strategic Open Differential Market Forecast
The open differential market is poised for significant growth over the forecast period, driven by technological advancements, increasing vehicle production, and government regulations. Opportunities exist in emerging markets and in the development of specialized open differentials for niche applications. The market is expected to witness substantial growth, driven by factors discussed above, reaching a projected value of xx million USD by 2033, representing a significant expansion from the 2025 base. The continued adoption of advanced materials, manufacturing processes, and the increasing demand for improved vehicle performance will continue to shape the future trajectory of this market.
Open Differential Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Passenger Cars
- 1.2. Commercial Vehicles
-
2. Type
- 2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
Open Differential Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico
-
2. South America
- 2.1. Brazil
- 2.2. Argentina
- 2.3. Rest of South America
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. United Kingdom
- 3.2. Germany
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. Russia
- 3.7. Benelux
- 3.8. Nordics
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. Middle East & Africa
- 4.1. Turkey
- 4.2. Israel
- 4.3. GCC
- 4.4. North Africa
- 4.5. South Africa
- 4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
-
5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. China
- 5.2. India
- 5.3. Japan
- 5.4. South Korea
- 5.5. ASEAN
- 5.6. Oceania
- 5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

Open Differential Regional Market Share

Geographic Coverage of Open Differential
Open Differential REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.3% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 5.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 5.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. South America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.3.5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 6.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 6.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. South America Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 7.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 7.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Europe Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 8.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 8.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Middle East & Africa Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 9.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 9.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Asia Pacific Open Differential Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Passenger Cars
- 10.1.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.2.1. Conical Planetary Gear Differential
- 10.2.2. Cylindrical Planetary Gear Differential
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2025
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Linamar
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Eaton
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 MAT Foundry Group
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Neapco
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 AAM
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Dana
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Musashi Seimitsu
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Borgwarner
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 Hangzhou Jietu Transmission Parts
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 Powertrax
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.11 ARB
- 11.2.11.1. Overview
- 11.2.11.2. Products
- 11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.12 Yukon Gear & Axle
- 11.2.12.1. Overview
- 11.2.12.2. Products
- 11.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Linamar
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Open Differential Revenue Breakdown (billion, %) by Region 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: North America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 3: North America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 4: North America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 5: North America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 6: North America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 7: North America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 8: South America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 9: South America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 10: South America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 11: South America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 12: South America Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 13: South America Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 14: Europe Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 15: Europe Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 16: Europe Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 17: Europe Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 18: Europe Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 19: Europe Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 20: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 21: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 22: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 23: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 24: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 25: Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Application 2025 & 2033
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Type 2025 & 2033
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: United States Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Canada Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Mexico Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Brazil Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Argentina Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: Rest of South America Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: United Kingdom Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: Germany Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: France Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: Italy Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: Spain Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Russia Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Benelux Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Nordics Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Rest of Europe Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 29: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 30: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 31: Turkey Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 32: Israel Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 33: GCC Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 34: North Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 35: South Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 36: Rest of Middle East & Africa Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 37: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 38: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 39: Global Open Differential Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 40: China Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 41: India Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 42: Japan Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 43: South Korea Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 44: ASEAN Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 45: Oceania Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 46: Rest of Asia Pacific Open Differential Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Open Differential?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.3%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Open Differential?
Key companies in the market include Linamar, Eaton, MAT Foundry Group, Neapco, AAM, Dana, Musashi Seimitsu, Borgwarner, Hangzhou Jietu Transmission Parts, Powertrax, ARB, Yukon Gear & Axle.
3. What are the main segments of the Open Differential?
The market segments include Application, Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 19.51 billion as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
N/A
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
N/A
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
N/A
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 2900.00, USD 4350.00, and USD 5800.00 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Open Differential," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Open Differential report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Open Differential?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Open Differential, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

