Key Insights
The Vietnam Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach an estimated USD 1922.8 million in 2025. This growth is propelled by a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.02% over the forecast period, indicating a dynamic and evolving industry. A primary driver of this expansion is the burgeoning e-commerce sector, which continues to flourish in Vietnam, creating a sustained demand for efficient and rapid delivery services. The increasing adoption of online shopping by a growing middle class and the expansion of digital payment systems further solidify this trend. Furthermore, the Business-to-Business (B2B) segment, encompassing manufacturing, wholesale, and retail trade, also contributes substantially to market growth, as businesses increasingly rely on reliable logistics for their supply chains. The Healthcare sector's growing need for timely and secure delivery of medical supplies and pharmaceuticals adds another layer of consistent demand.
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Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Market Size (In Billion)
The market's trajectory is further shaped by key trends, including the increasing preference for Express delivery services, driven by consumer expectations for speed and convenience. This is complemented by the rise of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) models, facilitated by mobile applications and online marketplaces. Technological advancements, such as route optimization software and real-time tracking, are enhancing operational efficiency for logistics providers. While the market is predominantly served by road transport, the increasing need for faster delivery of high-value goods is likely to see a gradual increase in the utilization of air cargo. The competitive landscape features established players like DHL Group, FedEx, and UPS, alongside strong domestic companies such as J&T Express, Vietnam Post Corporation (VNPost), and Giaohangtietkiem, all vying for market share. The Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline) segment, though facing online competition, continues to be a significant user of CEP services for traditional distribution networks.
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Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Company Market Share
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market: Comprehensive Analysis and Forecast (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a detailed examination of the Vietnam Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) market, offering critical insights and strategic forecasts for stakeholders. Spanning the historical period of 2019-2024, with a base year of 2025 and an extensive forecast period extending to 2033, this report is your definitive guide to understanding market dynamics, competitive landscapes, and future growth trajectories. We leverage extensive data analysis and expert commentary to illuminate the opportunities and challenges within this rapidly evolving sector.
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Market Composition & Trends
The Vietnam CEP market exhibits a dynamic composition, characterized by both established giants and agile newcomers vying for market share. Market concentration is moderately high, with key players investing heavily in infrastructure and technological adoption to maintain a competitive edge. Innovation is a significant catalyst, driven by the burgeoning e-commerce sector and increasing consumer demand for faster, more reliable delivery services. The regulatory landscape, while evolving, generally supports market growth, with a focus on streamlining logistics and ensuring fair competition. Substitute products, such as in-house logistics solutions from large enterprises, exist but are increasingly challenged by the efficiency and scalability offered by specialized CEP providers. End-user profiles are diverse, ranging from individual consumers and small businesses to large multinational corporations, each with unique delivery requirements. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities are a notable trend, with companies seeking to expand their service offerings, geographic reach, and technological capabilities. For instance, acquisitions aimed at bolstering last-mile delivery networks or integrating advanced tracking technologies are prevalent. The market share distribution is a key indicator of competitive intensity, with leading players capturing significant portions of the total revenue.
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Industry Evolution
The Vietnam CEP industry has witnessed remarkable evolution over the past decade, propelled by a confluence of economic growth, digital transformation, and shifting consumer behaviors. During the historical period (2019-2024), the market experienced a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 18%, driven primarily by the explosive growth of e-commerce. This surge in online retail translated into a substantial increase in parcel volumes, necessitating greater investment in logistics infrastructure, including warehouses, sorting centers, and delivery fleets. Technological advancements have played a pivotal role in this evolution. The adoption of sophisticated tracking systems, route optimization software, and data analytics has significantly enhanced operational efficiency and customer visibility. For example, real-time tracking adoption has increased from an estimated 40% in 2019 to over 85% by 2024, enabling customers to monitor their shipments with unprecedented accuracy. Shifting consumer demands have also shaped the industry. Consumers now expect faster delivery times, with a growing preference for same-day and next-day delivery options, particularly in urban centers. This has pushed CEP providers to innovate their service offerings, leading to the introduction of premium express services and specialized delivery solutions. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic acted as an accelerant, highlighting the critical importance of robust and resilient logistics networks, leading to increased investments in automation and digitalization across the value chain. The market size, estimated at approximately $1,500 million in 2019, has grown substantially, reaching an estimated $4,000 million by 2024. Future growth trajectories are projected to remain strong, supported by continued e-commerce expansion, increasing disposable incomes, and ongoing digitalization initiatives across various industry sectors. The industry's ability to adapt to evolving consumer expectations and leverage technological advancements will be crucial for sustained success in the coming years.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market
The Vietnam CEP market is predominantly driven by Domestic deliveries, representing a substantial portion of the overall market volume and revenue. This dominance stems from Vietnam's large and growing population, coupled with the rapid expansion of its domestic e-commerce landscape. The E-Commerce end-user industry is the single largest contributor to CEP services, accounting for an estimated 60% of the total market demand. This is closely followed by the Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline) segment, which, despite the rise of online retail, still generates significant parcel volumes for distribution and fulfillment.
Within the domestic segment, major urban centers such as Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi are the epicenters of CEP activity due to their higher population density and concentrated economic hubs. These regions benefit from greater investment in logistics infrastructure, leading to more efficient delivery networks and a higher adoption of express delivery services.
Key Drivers for Domestic Dominance:
- Burgeoning E-commerce Market: Vietnam boasts one of the fastest-growing e-commerce markets in Southeast Asia, with a continuously expanding customer base and a wider range of online merchants.
- Urbanization and Increased Disposable Income: Growing urbanization and a rising middle class with increased disposable income are fueling consumer spending and, consequently, the demand for goods delivered to their doorsteps.
- Government Support for Digital Economy: The Vietnamese government's initiatives to promote the digital economy and facilitate trade further bolster the growth of e-commerce and, by extension, the CEP sector.
- Expansion of Domestic Logistics Networks: Significant investments by both local and international players in expanding their last-mile delivery capabilities within Vietnam are enhancing service reliability and speed.
The Express speed of delivery segment is also a key area of growth, driven by consumer expectations for swift fulfillment, especially in the e-commerce sector. Businesses are increasingly relying on express services to meet customer demands and maintain a competitive edge. This trend is supported by the Business-to-Consumer (B2C) model, which constitutes the largest segment by volume, as e-commerce transactions primarily involve direct delivery to individual consumers.
Mode of Transport: The Road transport mode overwhelmingly dominates domestic CEP operations due to the country's extensive road network and the cost-effectiveness of this method for last-mile deliveries. However, the Air transport mode plays a crucial role in connecting major cities and for the international segment, ensuring faster transit times for time-sensitive shipments.
The Medium Weight Shipments segment experiences high demand, reflecting the typical size and weight of goods purchased online. While Light Weight Shipments are prevalent, the growth in furniture, electronics, and larger apparel purchases contributes significantly to the medium weight category.
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Product Innovations
The Vietnam CEP market is characterized by a wave of product innovations focused on enhancing efficiency, transparency, and customer experience. Leading companies are investing in smart logistics solutions, including advanced route optimization software powered by AI, predictive analytics for delivery time estimations, and automated sorting systems. Innovations in last-mile delivery, such as the deployment of electric vehicles and drone delivery trials, are emerging to address urban congestion and sustainability concerns. Furthermore, the development of integrated technology platforms that offer end-to-end visibility from order placement to final delivery, including real-time tracking and customer communication channels, are becoming standard. These innovations are crucial for meeting the demands of the rapidly growing e-commerce sector and maintaining a competitive advantage in a dynamic market.
Propelling Factors for Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Growth
The Vietnam CEP market's growth is propelled by several key factors. The burgeoning e-commerce sector is the primary driver, fueling an unprecedented demand for parcel delivery. Technological advancements, including digitalization and automation, are enhancing operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Economic growth and increasing disposable incomes are leading to higher consumer spending and more frequent online purchases. Supportive government policies aimed at fostering the digital economy and improving trade infrastructure also play a crucial role. Finally, the increasing adoption of cross-border e-commerce is expanding opportunities for international CEP services.
Obstacles in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Market
Despite robust growth, the Vietnam CEP market faces several obstacles. Intense competition among numerous players, both local and international, leads to price pressures and the need for continuous investment in service quality. Infrastructure limitations, particularly in rural areas, can hinder efficient last-mile delivery and increase operational costs. Regulatory complexities and evolving compliance requirements can pose challenges for new entrants and existing players alike. Talent acquisition and retention for skilled logistics professionals, especially those with expertise in technology and data analytics, remains a concern. Furthermore, rising fuel costs and operational expenses can impact profitability margins.
Future Opportunities in Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market
Emerging opportunities in the Vietnam CEP market are diverse and promising. The continued growth of cross-border e-commerce presents significant potential for international CEP providers. The increasing demand for same-day and next-day delivery services in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities opens avenues for specialized express logistics. The expansion of cold chain logistics driven by the growing pharmaceutical and fresh food e-commerce sectors offers a niche growth area. Furthermore, the adoption of sustainable logistics practices, including the use of electric vehicles and optimized route planning to reduce carbon footprints, aligns with global trends and can attract environmentally conscious consumers and businesses.
Major Players in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Ecosystem
- Ahamove
- DHL Group
- J&T Express
- FedEx
- Vietstar Express
- Vietnam Post Corporation (VNPost)
- Giaohangtietkiem
- United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS)
- Giao Hang Nhanh
- 247 Express
- ViettelPos
Key Developments in Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Industry
- March 2023: NutiFood and Ahamove officially announced a cooperation agreement for bringing nutritious food to consumers. Ahamove will be the exclusive delivery strategic partner in the Home Delivery project for NutiFood, helping partners optimize operations, especially at the stage of delivery to consumers.
- March 2023: Vietstar Express launched motorbike transportation services due to the demand from customers for faster delivery times.
- December 2022: Viettel Post Joint Stock Corporation (Viettel Post), in collaboration with Vietnam Airlines, introduced solutions to support businesses in the industrial zone in Bac Ninh Province. With the chain of novel solutions, businesses can save up to 30% of costs compared to self-operation and optimize 30% of the time compared to conventional methods.
Strategic Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Market Forecast
The strategic forecast for the Vietnam CEP market remains exceptionally strong, driven by the sustained expansion of e-commerce and the increasing digitization of businesses across all sectors. Anticipated growth catalysts include further investment in advanced logistics technologies, such as AI-powered route optimization and automation in warehousing, which will enhance operational efficiency and reduce delivery times. The growing demand for specialized services like same-day delivery and cold chain logistics presents significant untapped potential. As Vietnam continues its economic development and integration into global supply chains, the volume of both domestic and international parcel movements is expected to surge. Companies that focus on building resilient, scalable, and customer-centric logistics networks, while embracing sustainable practices, are poised to capture substantial market share and drive future growth in this dynamic sector. The market is projected to reach an estimated $9,000 million by 2033.
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation
-
1. Destination
- 1.1. Domestic
- 1.2. International
-
2. Speed Of Delivery
- 2.1. Express
- 2.2. Non-Express
-
3. Model
- 3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
-
4. Shipment Weight
- 4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
-
5. Mode Of Transport
- 5.1. Air
- 5.2. Road
- 5.3. Others
-
6. End User Industry
- 6.1. E-Commerce
- 6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 6.3. Healthcare
- 6.4. Manufacturing
- 6.5. Primary Industry
- 6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 6.7. Others
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Vietnam
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Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Regional Market Share
Geographic Coverage of Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market
Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.02% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Exhibitions and Conferences are driving the market; Sports Events are driving the market growth
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Lack of Skilled Labor
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 5.1.1. Domestic
- 5.1.2. International
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Speed Of Delivery
- 5.2.1. Express
- 5.2.2. Non-Express
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Model
- 5.3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 5.3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 5.3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Shipment Weight
- 5.4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 5.4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 5.4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Mode Of Transport
- 5.5.1. Air
- 5.5.2. Road
- 5.5.3. Others
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.6.1. E-Commerce
- 5.6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 5.6.3. Healthcare
- 5.6.4. Manufacturing
- 5.6.5. Primary Industry
- 5.6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 5.6.7. Others
- 5.7. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.7.1. Vietnam
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2025
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 Ahamove
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 DHL Group
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 J&T Express
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 FedEx
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Vietstar Express
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 Vietnam Post Corporation (VNPost)
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Giaohangtietkiem
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS)
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 Giao Hang Nhanh
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 247 Express
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 ViettelPos
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 Ahamove
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Breakdown (undefined, %) by Product 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Share (%) by Company 2025
List of Tables
- Table 1: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Destination 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Model 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by End User Industry 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Destination 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Model 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by End User Industry 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.02%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market?
Key companies in the market include Ahamove, DHL Group, J&T Express, FedEx, Vietstar Express, Vietnam Post Corporation (VNPost), Giaohangtietkiem, United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS), Giao Hang Nhanh, 247 Express, ViettelPos.
3. What are the main segments of the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market?
The market segments include Destination, Speed Of Delivery, Model, Shipment Weight, Mode Of Transport, End User Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX N/A as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Exhibitions and Conferences are driving the market; Sports Events are driving the market growth.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Lack of Skilled Labor.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
March 2023: NutiFood and Ahamove officially announced a cooperation agreement for bringing nutritious food to consumers. Ahamove will be the exclusive delivery strategic partner in the Home Delivery project for NutiFood, helping partners optimize operations, especially at the stage of delivery to consumers.March 2023: Vietstar Express launched motorbike transportation services due to the demand from customers for faster delivery times.December 2022: Viettel Post Joint Stock Corporation (Viettel Post), in collaboration with Vietnam Airlines, introduced solutions to support businesses in the industrial zone in Bac Ninh Province. With the chain of novel solutions, businesses can save up to 30% of costs compared to self-operation and optimize 30% of the time compared to conventional methods.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in N/A.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Vietnam Courier, Express, And Parcel (CEP) Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence