Key Insights
The Czech Republic's freight and logistics market is poised for robust expansion, projected to surpass a substantial market size of \$7,500 million by 2025, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 3.00% through 2033. This sustained growth is primarily fueled by a dynamic industrial base, particularly in manufacturing and automotive sectors, which rely heavily on efficient and reliable supply chains. The increasing adoption of value-added services, encompassing everything from custom packaging to inventory management, is also a significant driver, enabling businesses to streamline operations and enhance customer satisfaction. Furthermore, strategic investments in infrastructure, including road and rail networks, are continuously improving connectivity and reducing transit times. The sector's evolution is also being shaped by the burgeoning e-commerce landscape, demanding more sophisticated warehousing and last-mile delivery solutions.
Key trends influencing the market include a pronounced shift towards multimodal transportation, leveraging the strengths of road, rail, and inland waterways to optimize cost and efficiency. The demand for advanced warehousing solutions, including automated facilities and temperature-controlled storage, is on the rise, driven by sectors like healthcare and pharmaceuticals and the need for specialized handling of goods. Emerging trends also point towards increased digitalization and the integration of technologies like IoT and AI for enhanced visibility, predictive analytics, and optimized route planning. However, the market faces challenges such as fluctuating fuel prices and a persistent shortage of skilled labor, particularly drivers, which could impact operational efficiency and profitability. Environmental regulations and the growing emphasis on sustainable logistics practices are also becoming increasingly important considerations for market players.

Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market: Comprehensive Analysis and Future Outlook (2019-2033)
Gain unparalleled insights into the dynamic Czech Republic freight and logistics market with this in-depth report. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base and estimated year of 2025, this report provides a strategic forecast, detailing market composition, industry evolution, regional dominance, product innovations, growth drivers, obstacles, and future opportunities. Essential for stakeholders seeking to navigate the complexities and capitalize on the burgeoning potential of Czech logistics, including road freight, air cargo, rail transport, freight forwarding, warehousing, and value-added services.
Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Market Composition & Trends
The Czech Republic freight and logistics market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players like Raben Logistics Czech s.r.o., DB Schenker Logistics, and Yusen Logistics (Czech) Ltd. holding significant market share. Innovation catalysts are primarily driven by technological advancements in supply chain visibility, automation in warehousing, and the increasing adoption of sustainable logistics solutions. Regulatory frameworks, though evolving, generally support market growth, with initiatives aimed at enhancing infrastructure and streamlining customs procedures. The market is characterized by a low threat of substitute products due to the inherent necessity of physical movement of goods, however, digital freight platforms are emerging as efficiency enhancers. End-user profiles are diverse, with Manufacturing and Automotive forming the largest segment, followed by Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals and Distribu. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities are pivotal in reshaping the competitive environment. Recent M&A deals have involved significant investment values, with notable transactions aimed at expanding service offerings and geographical reach.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with a few dominant players and a growing number of specialized service providers.
- Innovation Catalysts: Digitalization, automation, sustainability, and e-commerce growth.
- Regulatory Landscape: Supportive, with ongoing efforts to modernize infrastructure and simplify cross-border logistics.
- Substitute Products: Limited for core freight transport, but digital freight matching services are gaining traction.
- End-User Dominance: Manufacturing and Automotive leading, followed by Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals.
- M&A Activity: Active, driven by consolidation and strategic expansion.

Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Industry Evolution
The Czech Republic freight and logistics market has undergone a significant evolution, marked by robust growth trajectories driven by the country's strategic geographical location in Central Europe and its strong manufacturing base. Over the historical period of 2019–2024, the market witnessed steady expansion, further accelerated by the surge in e-commerce and the increasing complexity of global supply chains. Technological advancements have been a key enabler of this evolution, with a notable shift towards digitalization of freight operations, sophisticated warehouse management systems (WMS), and the adoption of route optimization software. These advancements have not only improved operational efficiency but also enhanced supply chain visibility and reliability. The base year of 2025 sets a benchmark for current market conditions, reflecting a mature yet dynamic sector poised for continued growth.
Consumer demands have also played a crucial role in shaping the industry. There's a pronounced trend towards faster delivery times, greater transparency in shipment tracking, and a growing emphasis on sustainable logistics practices. This has pushed logistics providers to invest in greener fleets, optimize transportation networks to reduce carbon footprints, and offer more flexible delivery options. The forecast period of 2025–2033 is anticipated to see these trends intensify, with further integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in logistics planning and execution. The adoption of IoT devices for real-time asset tracking and condition monitoring is also expected to become more widespread, leading to proactive risk management and improved service quality. The estimated year of 2025 positions the market at a pivotal point, with emerging technologies starting to reshape traditional logistics paradigms. The industry has demonstrated an average annual growth rate of approximately 5% in the historical period, with projections indicating a sustained growth of 4.5% to 6% during the forecast period, largely influenced by industrial output and international trade volumes.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market
Within the Czech Republic freight and logistics market, road freight transport consistently emerges as the dominant segment, accounting for over 60% of the total freight volume. This dominance is underpinned by the country's well-developed road infrastructure and its strategic position as a transit hub for goods moving across Europe. The Manufacturing and Automotive end-user segment is also a primary driver of demand, consuming a substantial portion of logistics services due to complex supply chains involving raw materials, components, and finished goods. Prague and its surrounding regions, along with other major industrial centers like Brno and Ostrava, represent the leading geographical areas for logistics operations, characterized by a high concentration of distribution centers and manufacturing facilities.
Dominant Function: Freight Transport (Road):
- Key Drivers: Extensive road network, high volume of intra-European trade, demand for just-in-time delivery from manufacturing.
- Market Share: Estimated to be around 60-65% of the total freight volume.
- Investment Trends: Continuous investment in fleet modernization, telematics, and driver training.
- Regulatory Support: Favorable road transport regulations within the EU framework.
Dominant End-User: Manufacturing and Automotive:
- Key Drivers: Complex inbound and outbound logistics requirements, globalized production networks, demand for specialized handling of components and finished vehicles.
- Market Share: Represents a significant portion of overall logistics demand.
- Investment Trends: Investment in specialized warehousing, just-in-time delivery solutions, and reverse logistics.
- Sectoral Growth: Directly correlated with the performance of the Czech manufacturing and automotive industries.
Leading Geographical Hubs:
- Prague Metropolitan Area: Central hub for distribution and last-mile delivery.
- Brno and Ostrava Regions: Significant industrial zones with strong demand for manufacturing logistics.
- Infrastructure Development: Ongoing investments in highway expansions and intermodal terminals bolster regional logistics capabilities.
Furthermore, freight forwarding plays a crucial role, facilitating international trade and managing complex multimodal transportation solutions. While inland water, air, and rail transport are important for specific types of cargo and intermodal connections, their overall market share remains lower compared to road freight. The Warehousing segment is also experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for storage, inventory management, and distribution services, particularly to support the booming e-commerce sector and efficient supply chain operations for manufacturing entities. Value-added services, such as packaging, kitting, and customized logistics solutions, are becoming increasingly important differentiators for logistics providers.
Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Product Innovations
Product innovations in the Czech Republic freight and logistics market are increasingly focused on enhancing efficiency, transparency, and sustainability. Advanced tracking technologies, including real-time GPS and IoT sensors, provide unparalleled visibility into shipment status and condition, enabling proactive issue resolution. Warehouse automation, through robotics and AI-powered inventory management systems, is optimizing storage capacity and order fulfillment speeds. Digital freight platforms are revolutionizing freight matching, connecting shippers with carriers more efficiently and transparently. Furthermore, the development of eco-friendly logistics solutions, such as electric vehicle fleets and optimized routing to minimize emissions, represents a significant area of innovation, meeting growing demands for sustainable supply chains and improving operational performance metrics through reduced transit times and lower fuel consumption.
Propelling Factors for Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Growth
Several key factors are propelling the growth of the Czech Republic freight and logistics market. The nation's strategic geographical location at the heart of Europe makes it a vital transit corridor for goods moving between Western and Eastern Europe. A robust manufacturing sector, particularly in automotive and machinery, fuels consistent demand for inbound and outbound logistics services. The ever-expanding e-commerce landscape necessitates efficient and rapid delivery solutions, driving investment in warehousing and last-mile logistics. Furthermore, government initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, such as road and rail networks, and streamlining customs procedures create a more conducive environment for logistics operations. The adoption of advanced technologies, including AI and automation, is also a significant growth catalyst, enhancing operational efficiency and service quality.
Obstacles in the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Market
Despite its growth, the Czech Republic freight and logistics market faces several obstacles. Persistent driver shortages across the EU continue to impact the road freight sector, leading to increased labor costs and potential delivery delays. Rising fuel prices and energy costs directly affect operational expenses, squeezing profit margins for logistics providers. Infrastructure bottlenecks, particularly in certain urban areas and along key transit routes, can lead to congestion and extended transit times. Increasingly stringent environmental regulations require significant investment in greener fleets and sustainable practices, which can be a challenge for smaller operators. Finally, intense price competition among logistics providers can put pressure on service quality and investment in innovation.
Future Opportunities in Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market
Emerging opportunities in the Czech Republic freight and logistics market are diverse and promising. The continued growth of e-commerce presents a significant opportunity for last-mile delivery specialists and fulfillment centers. The increasing demand for specialized logistics services, such as cold chain logistics for pharmaceuticals and temperature-controlled transport for food, offers niche growth potential. The advancement of digitalization and automation in warehousing and transport management creates opportunities for technology providers and logistics companies willing to invest in these areas. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on sustainability opens doors for providers offering eco-friendly logistics solutions, including electric vehicles and optimized route planning to reduce carbon footprints. Expansion into intermodal transport solutions, leveraging rail and inland waterways, presents opportunities to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
Major Players in the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Ecosystem
- Raben Logistics Czech s.r.o.
- DB Schenker Logistics
- Yusen Logistics (Czech) Ltd
- NIKA Logistics AS
- Gefco Czech Republic
- UPS
- Dachser
- MOSS Logistics SRO
- Dsv
- TNT
- DPDHL
- Havi Logistics S R O
- Duven Beck Logistic Sro
- BC LOGISTICS SRO
- GW LOGISTICS AS
- Jipocar Logistics
- HodalMayr Logistics Czech Republic
- Rhenus Logistics
- CEE Logistics
Key Developments in Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Industry
- August 2023: PKZ Logistics Group, now operating as Hellmann Worldwide Logistics, expanded its presence in the Czech Republic, operating three sites alongside seven in Slovakia and a network of seven partner-operated sites. This move solidifies their position in Central European logistics and supply chain management.
- June 2023: Rohlig SUUS Logistics announced the acquisition of Joppa Logistics, a Czech company specializing in warehousing and road groupage transport. This acquisition significantly increased SUUS's market share in the Czech Republic, bolstering its presence in Central and Eastern Europe.
Strategic Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Market Forecast
The strategic Czech Republic freight and logistics market forecast indicates sustained and robust growth driven by a confluence of factors. The ever-increasing demand from the manufacturing and automotive sectors, coupled with the flourishing e-commerce industry, will continue to be significant growth catalysts. Investments in digitalization and automation will further enhance operational efficiencies, leading to improved service quality and cost optimization. The nation's strategic location within the EU will continue to leverage its role as a critical transit hub for cross-border trade. Emerging opportunities in sustainable logistics and specialized services such as cold chain are poised to drive further market expansion, presenting a promising outlook for stakeholders in the coming years.
Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Segmentation
-
1. Function
-
1.1. Freight Transport
- 1.1.1. Road
- 1.1.2. Inland Water
- 1.1.3. Air
- 1.1.4. Rail
- 1.2. Freight Forwarding
- 1.3. Warehousing
- 1.4. Value Added Services and Other Functions
-
1.1. Freight Transport
-
2. End-User
- 2.1. Manufacturing and Automotive
- 2.2. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 2.3. Agriculture,Fishing and Forestry
- 2.4. Construction
- 2.5. Distribu
- 2.6. Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals
- 2.7. Other End-Users
Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Czech Republic

Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. The rise in online shopping and consumer demand for fast delivery; Rise in cross-border trade activities
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Poor infrastructure and higher logistics costs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Ecommerce Growth in the Region
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Function
- 5.1.1. Freight Transport
- 5.1.1.1. Road
- 5.1.1.2. Inland Water
- 5.1.1.3. Air
- 5.1.1.4. Rail
- 5.1.2. Freight Forwarding
- 5.1.3. Warehousing
- 5.1.4. Value Added Services and Other Functions
- 5.1.1. Freight Transport
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 5.2.1. Manufacturing and Automotive
- 5.2.2. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 5.2.3. Agriculture,Fishing and Forestry
- 5.2.4. Construction
- 5.2.5. Distribu
- 5.2.6. Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals
- 5.2.7. Other End-Users
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Czech Republic
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Function
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 Raben Logistics Czech s r o
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 DB Schenker Logistics
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Yusen Logistics (Czech) Ltd
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 NIKA Logistics AS
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Gefco Czech Republic
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 UPS
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Dachser
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 MOSS Logistics SRO
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 Dsv
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 TNT
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 Raben Logistics Czech SRO
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 DPDHL
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 Havi Logistics S R O
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 Duven Beck Logistic Sro
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 BC LOGISTICS SRO**List Not Exhaustive
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.16 GW LOGISTICS AS
- 6.2.16.1. Overview
- 6.2.16.2. Products
- 6.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.17 Jipocar Logistics
- 6.2.17.1. Overview
- 6.2.17.2. Products
- 6.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.18 HodalMayr Logistics Czech Republic
- 6.2.18.1. Overview
- 6.2.18.2. Products
- 6.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.19 Rhenus Logistics
- 6.2.19.1. Overview
- 6.2.19.2. Products
- 6.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.20 CEE Logistics
- 6.2.20.1. Overview
- 6.2.20.2. Products
- 6.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 Raben Logistics Czech s r o
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market?
Key companies in the market include Raben Logistics Czech s r o, DB Schenker Logistics, Yusen Logistics (Czech) Ltd, NIKA Logistics AS, Gefco Czech Republic, UPS, Dachser, MOSS Logistics SRO, Dsv, TNT, Raben Logistics Czech SRO, DPDHL, Havi Logistics S R O, Duven Beck Logistic Sro, BC LOGISTICS SRO**List Not Exhaustive, GW LOGISTICS AS, Jipocar Logistics, HodalMayr Logistics Czech Republic, Rhenus Logistics, CEE Logistics.
3. What are the main segments of the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market?
The market segments include Function, End-User.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
The rise in online shopping and consumer demand for fast delivery; Rise in cross-border trade activities.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Ecommerce Growth in the Region.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Poor infrastructure and higher logistics costs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2023: PKZ Logistics Group, now under the name Hellmann Worldwide Logistics, has been operating in two countries - Slovakia and the Czech Republic, serving as a vital player in the logistics and supply chain management sectors. The company's geographical coverage is extensive, with its head office located in Bratislava. They own and operate ten sites, with seven of them situated in Slovakia and three in the Czech Republic. On top, they have a network of seven partner-operated sites.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Czech Republic Freight and Logistics Market?
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Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence