Key Insights
The Mexico logistics market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, projected to expand at a CAGR exceeding 3.5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The burgeoning e-commerce sector in Mexico necessitates efficient and reliable logistics solutions, driving demand for courier, express, and parcel (CEP) services and temperature-controlled transportation. Simultaneously, growth in key end-user industries like manufacturing, construction, and oil & gas contributes significantly to the market's upward trajectory. The increasing focus on supply chain optimization and the adoption of advanced technologies, such as warehouse management systems (WMS) and transportation management systems (TMS), further enhance efficiency and propel market growth. While challenges such as infrastructure limitations and fluctuating fuel prices present some restraints, the overall outlook remains positive. The market is segmented by end-user industry (agriculture, fishing, and forestry; construction; manufacturing; oil and gas; mining and quarrying; wholesale and retail trade; others) and logistics function (CEP, temperature-controlled, other services). Major players, including DHL Group, FedEx, Kuehne + Nagel, and local logistics providers, are actively shaping the competitive landscape through strategic partnerships and investments in technological advancements. The dominance of road transport is likely to continue, although the development of intermodal transportation solutions might gradually increase in the future.
The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued expansion, driven by factors such as government initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure and increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico’s various industrial sectors. The growing middle class and rising disposable incomes are also fueling consumer demand, further supporting the logistics market’s expansion. However, careful management of potential risks, such as political and economic uncertainties, along with maintaining operational resilience in light of potential disruptions, will be crucial for continued success within the Mexican logistics landscape. The market's segmentation offers opportunities for specialized logistics providers catering to the unique requirements of specific industries and logistics functions. Further expansion is expected in temperature-sensitive logistics due to the growing demand for perishable goods and pharmaceuticals.

Mexico Logistics Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the Mexico Logistics Market, offering a comprehensive overview of its current state, future trajectory, and key players. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report is an essential resource for stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic market. The market is valued at xx Million in 2025 and is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).
Mexico Logistics Market Composition & Trends
The Mexico logistics market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape, with a few major players holding significant market share. However, a considerable number of smaller, specialized logistics providers also contribute significantly. Market share distribution varies across different logistics functions and end-user industries. For instance, DHL, DB Schenker, and FedEx hold substantial shares in the express and parcel segment, while companies like Accel Logística and Grupo TMM dominate specific niche sectors. Innovation is driven by the need for enhanced efficiency, improved supply chain visibility, and a growing demand for sustainable practices. The regulatory landscape plays a crucial role, influencing trade policies and customs procedures. Substitute products are limited, however, technological advancements constantly challenge established business models.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with a mix of large multinational and smaller regional players.
- M&A Activity: Between 2019 and 2024, M&A deal value in the Mexican logistics sector totalled approximately xx Million, driven by consolidation and expansion strategies. Specific deal values are detailed in the full report.
- Innovation Catalysts: E-commerce growth, technological advancements (AI, IoT, automation), and the push for sustainable logistics.
- Regulatory Landscape: Influences customs procedures, cross-border transportation, and environmental regulations.
- End-User Profiles: Diverse range including Manufacturing, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Agriculture, and Oil & Gas, each with specific logistic needs.

Mexico Logistics Market Industry Evolution
The Mexican logistics market has experienced substantial growth over the historical period (2019-2024), fueled by the expansion of e-commerce, increased manufacturing activity, and the growth of cross-border trade. Technological advancements, such as the adoption of advanced transportation management systems (TMS) and warehouse management systems (WMS), have significantly improved efficiency and transparency. Consumer demand for faster, more reliable, and cost-effective logistics services is continuously shaping the market landscape. The adoption of AI in route optimization and predictive analytics is gaining momentum. The sector is also responding to a growing emphasis on sustainability, with several companies investing in green logistics solutions. Growth is expected to continue at a healthy pace during the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by government initiatives to improve infrastructure and the continued growth of key sectors like manufacturing and e-commerce. Growth rates of xx% during the historical period are anticipated to increase to xx% during the forecast period.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Mexico Logistics Market
The manufacturing sector, particularly automotive and electronics, represents a dominant segment within the Mexican logistics market, driven by substantial foreign direct investment and robust export activity. Wholesale and Retail Trade also plays a vital role due to the growing e-commerce sector and its reliance on efficient delivery networks. Within logistics functions, Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) services are experiencing high growth, primarily due to the e-commerce boom.
- Key Drivers for Manufacturing: High foreign direct investment (FDI) in manufacturing plants, robust export activity, and specialized logistics requirements.
- Key Drivers for Wholesale and Retail Trade: Expansion of e-commerce, last-mile delivery challenges, and increased demand for efficient order fulfillment.
- Key Drivers for CEP: E-commerce growth and a rising demand for fast and reliable delivery services.
The Northern region of Mexico, due to its proximity to the US border, showcases significant activity in cross-border logistics, handling a large volume of goods entering and exiting the country. This region benefits from superior infrastructure and established logistics networks.
Mexico Logistics Market Product Innovations
Recent innovations include the development of sophisticated TMS and WMS, enhancing real-time visibility and automation capabilities. The implementation of AI-powered route optimization and predictive analytics is improving efficiency and reducing costs. Several companies are also introducing sustainable solutions, such as electric vehicles and eco-friendly packaging, catering to growing environmental concerns. These innovations are not only improving operational efficiencies but also enhancing the overall customer experience by offering greater transparency and reliability.
Propelling Factors for Mexico Logistics Market Growth
Several factors are driving the growth of the Mexican logistics market. Firstly, the ongoing expansion of the Mexican manufacturing sector, particularly in automotive and electronics, creates a strong demand for efficient logistics services. Secondly, the robust growth of e-commerce is fundamentally reshaping the logistics landscape, pushing demand for faster and more reliable last-mile delivery solutions. Thirdly, governmental investment in infrastructure development is creating a more supportive environment for logistics operations.
Obstacles in the Mexico Logistics Market Market
The Mexican logistics market faces challenges, including infrastructure limitations in certain regions, which lead to increased transportation times and costs. Security concerns within some areas present obstacles to smooth and efficient operations. Furthermore, regulatory complexities and fluctuating fuel prices contribute to operational uncertainties. These factors can impede market growth if not addressed effectively. The impact of these challenges is estimated to negatively affect the market growth by approximately xx% annually.
Future Opportunities in Mexico Logistics Market
Future opportunities lie in the further expansion of e-commerce, requiring innovative last-mile delivery solutions. The growing adoption of technological advancements such as AI, blockchain, and IoT offers scope for increased efficiency and transparency. Moreover, a focus on sustainable logistics practices presents both a market need and opportunity for companies seeking to attract environmentally conscious clients.
Major Players in the Mexico Logistics Market Ecosystem
- DB Schenker
- Hellmann Worldwide Logistics
- Nippon Express Holdings
- DHL Group
- Accel Logística
- DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea)
- Trayecto GTM- Larmex
- Transportes Marva
- Penske Logistics
- FedEx
- Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V
- Kuehne + Nagel
- Grupo SID
- Transportes Lar-Mex
- Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica)
- Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P
- SEKO Bansard
- Grupo TMM
- C H Robinson
- TIBA Group
- Traxion
- Grupo Mexico
- Tresguerra
- Ryder System Inc
- Aeromexico Cargo
- Grupo FH
Key Developments in Mexico Logistics Market Industry
- November 2023: DB Schenker partnered with American Airlines Cargo to launch an API connection for streamlined airfreight booking.
- January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel introduced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles to enhance decarbonization efforts.
- February 2024: C.H. Robinson developed AI-powered freight shipping technology optimizing appointment scheduling and transit times across 300,000 shipping lanes.
Strategic Mexico Logistics Market Forecast
The Mexican logistics market is poised for significant growth, driven by robust economic expansion, the continuous rise of e-commerce, and increasing investments in infrastructure development. The adoption of new technologies will play a crucial role in optimizing supply chains and improving efficiency. The market's future potential is considerable, with significant opportunities for companies that can adapt to the changing landscape and effectively address the unique challenges within this dynamic sector.
Mexico Logistics Market Segmentation
-
1. End User Industry
- 1.1. Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry
- 1.2. Construction
- 1.3. Manufacturing
- 1.4. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 1.5. Wholesale and Retail Trade
- 1.6. Others
-
2. Logistics Function
-
2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
-
2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 2.1.1.1. Domestic
- 2.1.1.2. International
-
2.1.1. By Destination Type
-
2.2. Freight Forwarding
-
2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 2.2.1.1. Air
- 2.2.1.2. Sea and Inland Waterways
- 2.2.1.3. Others
-
2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
-
2.3. Freight Transport
- 2.3.1. Pipelines
- 2.3.2. Rail
- 2.3.3. Road
-
2.4. Warehousing and Storage
-
2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 2.4.1.1. Non-Temperature Controlled
-
2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 2.5. Other Services
-
2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
Mexico Logistics Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Mexico

Mexico Logistics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.50% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Increasing volume of international trade4.; The rise of trade agreements between nations
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Surge in fuel costs affecting the market4.; Increasing trade tension
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Mexico Logistics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.1.1. Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry
- 5.1.2. Construction
- 5.1.3. Manufacturing
- 5.1.4. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 5.1.5. Wholesale and Retail Trade
- 5.1.6. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Logistics Function
- 5.2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
- 5.2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 5.2.1.1.1. Domestic
- 5.2.1.1.2. International
- 5.2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 5.2.2. Freight Forwarding
- 5.2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 5.2.2.1.1. Air
- 5.2.2.1.2. Sea and Inland Waterways
- 5.2.2.1.3. Others
- 5.2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 5.2.3. Freight Transport
- 5.2.3.1. Pipelines
- 5.2.3.2. Rail
- 5.2.3.3. Road
- 5.2.4. Warehousing and Storage
- 5.2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 5.2.4.1.1. Non-Temperature Controlled
- 5.2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 5.2.5. Other Services
- 5.2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Mexico
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 DB Schenker
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 Hellmann Worldwide Logistics
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Nippon Express Holdings
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 DHL Group
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Accel Logística
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea)
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Trayecto GTM- Larmex
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 Transportes Marva
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 Penske Logistics
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 FedEx
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 Kuehne + Nagel
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 Grupo SID
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 Transportes Lar-Mex
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica)
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.16 Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P
- 6.2.16.1. Overview
- 6.2.16.2. Products
- 6.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.17 SEKO Bansard
- 6.2.17.1. Overview
- 6.2.17.2. Products
- 6.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.18 Grupo TMM
- 6.2.18.1. Overview
- 6.2.18.2. Products
- 6.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.19 C H Robinson
- 6.2.19.1. Overview
- 6.2.19.2. Products
- 6.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.20 TIBA Group
- 6.2.20.1. Overview
- 6.2.20.2. Products
- 6.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.21 Traxion
- 6.2.21.1. Overview
- 6.2.21.2. Products
- 6.2.21.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.21.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.21.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.22 Grupo Mexico
- 6.2.22.1. Overview
- 6.2.22.2. Products
- 6.2.22.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.22.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.22.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.23 Tresguerra
- 6.2.23.1. Overview
- 6.2.23.2. Products
- 6.2.23.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.23.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.23.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.24 Ryder System Inc
- 6.2.24.1. Overview
- 6.2.24.2. Products
- 6.2.24.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.24.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.24.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.25 Aeromexico Cargo
- 6.2.25.1. Overview
- 6.2.25.2. Products
- 6.2.25.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.25.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.25.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.26 Grupo FH
- 6.2.26.1. Overview
- 6.2.26.2. Products
- 6.2.26.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.26.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.26.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 DB Schenker
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Mexico Logistics Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Logistics Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Logistics Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Mexico Logistics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Mexico Logistics Market?
Key companies in the market include DB Schenker, Hellmann Worldwide Logistics, Nippon Express Holdings, DHL Group, Accel Logística, DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea), Trayecto GTM- Larmex, Transportes Marva, Penske Logistics, FedEx, Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V, Kuehne + Nagel, Grupo SID, Transportes Lar-Mex, Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica), Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P, SEKO Bansard, Grupo TMM, C H Robinson, TIBA Group, Traxion, Grupo Mexico, Tresguerra, Ryder System Inc, Aeromexico Cargo, Grupo FH.
3. What are the main segments of the Mexico Logistics Market?
The market segments include End User Industry, Logistics Function.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Increasing volume of international trade4.; The rise of trade agreements between nations.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Surge in fuel costs affecting the market4.; Increasing trade tension.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
February 2024: C.H. Robinson has developed a new technology that creates a major efficiency in freight shipping: removing the work of scheduling an appointment at the place where a load needs to be picked up and scheduling another appointment where the load needs to be delivered. The technology also uses artificial intelligence to determine the optimal appointment, based on transit-time data from C.H. Robinson’s millions of shipments across 300,000 shipping lanes.January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel has announced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles, to improve its decarbonization solutions. Developing Book & Claim insetting solutions for road freight was a strategic priority for Kuehne + Nagel. Customers who use Kuehne + Nagel's road transport services can now claim the carbon reductions of electric trucks when it is not possible to physically move their goods on these vehicles.November 2023: DB Schenker, in partnership with American Airlines Cargo, announces an advancement in airfreight operations. The introduction of an API (Application Programming Interface) connection, introduced on November 14th, 2023, marks the next step in digitalizing and streamlining airfreight booking processes.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Mexico Logistics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Mexico Logistics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Mexico Logistics Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Mexico Logistics Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence