Key Insights
The ASEAN car rental market, valued at approximately $X million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15.70% from 2025 to 2033. This significant expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The burgeoning tourism sector across Southeast Asia, particularly in countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, is a major contributor, with increasing numbers of both domestic and international tourists relying on car rentals for exploration and convenience. Furthermore, the rise of online booking platforms, offering greater transparency, ease of access, and competitive pricing, is significantly boosting market penetration. The increasing adoption of short-term rentals for business travel and personal use also contributes to this upward trajectory. However, the market faces certain restraints, including fluctuating fuel prices, traffic congestion in major cities, and competition from ride-hailing services like Grab and Gojek. To mitigate these challenges, car rental companies are increasingly investing in technology, such as mobile apps and advanced booking systems, while expanding their fleet with fuel-efficient vehicles and embracing flexible rental options to cater to diverse customer needs. The market is segmented by booking type (offline and online), rental duration (short-term and long-term), and application type (tourism and commuting). Key players like Avis Budget Group, INDORENT, Blue Bird Group, Tribecar Pte Ltd, TRAC, and Sixt SE are actively shaping the competitive landscape through strategic expansions, fleet modernization, and technological innovation.
The projected growth in the ASEAN car rental market is particularly strong in countries with rapidly developing economies and significant tourism inflows. Indonesia and Vietnam, with their large populations and growing middle class, present substantial growth opportunities. Malaysia and Thailand, already established tourism hubs, continue to see consistent demand for car rentals. Singapore, while a smaller market, benefits from its status as a regional business and tourism center. The "Rest of Southeast Asia" segment holds potential for future expansion as infrastructure improves and tourism grows in less developed areas. The forecast for the next decade is optimistic, predicated on continued economic growth, improvements in infrastructure, and the sustained popularity of car rentals as a flexible and convenient transportation solution within the region. The market is expected to see consolidation among key players, coupled with increased innovation in service offerings and technological integrations to enhance customer experience.
ASEAN Car Rental Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a comprehensive analysis of the ASEAN car rental market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), the base year (2025), and a detailed forecast (2025-2033). It offers invaluable insights for stakeholders, investors, and industry players seeking to understand the market's dynamics, growth potential, and future opportunities. The market is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, presenting significant growth opportunities.

ASEAN Car Rental Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the competitive landscape of the ASEAN car rental market, examining market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory frameworks, substitute products, and end-user profiles. We analyze mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, providing insights into market share distribution and deal values. The report considers the impact of various factors, including evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and government regulations, on the overall market structure.
- Market Concentration: Analysis of market share held by key players like Avis Budget Group, INDORENT, Blue Bird Group, Tribecar Pte Ltd, TRAC, Sixt SE, and Master Car Rental (list not exhaustive). We will quantify the market share held by the top 5 players and assess the level of competition.
- Innovation Catalysts: Examination of technological advancements (e.g., mobile apps, online booking platforms) driving market innovation and efficiency.
- Regulatory Landscape: Assessment of the impact of government regulations on pricing, licensing, and operations across different ASEAN countries.
- Substitute Products: Analysis of alternative transportation options (e.g., ride-hailing services, public transport) and their influence on car rental demand.
- End-User Profiles: Segmentation of the market based on user demographics, travel patterns, and rental purposes (tourism, business, commuting).
- M&A Activities: Detailed analysis of significant M&A deals, including deal values and their impact on market dynamics (e.g., Carro's acquisition of MPMRent). We estimate the total value of M&A deals in the ASEAN car rental market during the study period to be approximately xx Million.

ASEAN Car Rental Market Industry Evolution
This section provides a detailed analysis of the ASEAN car rental market's evolutionary trajectory, encompassing growth patterns, technological advancements, and evolving consumer preferences. We examine factors influencing market growth, such as rising disposable incomes, increased tourism, and the expansion of urban areas. The report further explores the impact of technological disruptions, including the emergence of online booking platforms and mobile applications, on market dynamics and consumer behavior. Detailed analysis of growth rates and adoption metrics will be presented, focusing on the historical period (2019-2024) and projected growth during the forecast period (2025-2033). The market is expected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in ASEAN Car Rental Market
This section identifies the dominant regions, countries, and market segments within the ASEAN car rental market. We analyze key drivers across various segments – Booking Type (Offline, Online), Rental Duration (Short Term, Long Term), and Application Type (Tourism, Commuting). The analysis will focus on factors driving the dominance of specific regions/segments, including investment trends, regulatory support, and infrastructure development.
- Key Drivers (Examples):
- Online Booking: Increasing smartphone penetration and internet access are driving growth in online bookings.
- Short-Term Rentals: Tourism and business travel significantly influence short-term rental demand.
- Tourism: Strong tourism growth in specific ASEAN countries fuels higher demand for car rentals.
- Indonesia: Indonesia's large population and developing economy contribute to the country's dominance in the market.
[Detailed paragraph analysis of dominance factors will follow, examining each segment and region.]
ASEAN Car Rental Market Product Innovations
This section explores recent product innovations within the ASEAN car rental market, focusing on new vehicle offerings, technological integrations, and enhanced customer services. The focus will be on unique selling propositions (USPs) and technological advancements impacting the customer experience, such as the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs), fleet management software, and mobile-based booking systems. The adoption of innovative technologies to improve operational efficiency and customer satisfaction is a key theme.
Propelling Factors for ASEAN Car Rental Market Growth
Several factors are driving the growth of the ASEAN car rental market. These include rising disposable incomes leading to increased leisure travel, the expansion of tourism, and supportive government policies fostering infrastructure development. Technological advancements, such as mobile apps and online booking platforms, have streamlined the rental process, enhancing convenience and accessibility for consumers. The increasing popularity of self-drive holidays and the expansion of the middle class across the region are also contributing to market growth.
Obstacles in the ASEAN Car Rental Market
Despite significant growth potential, the ASEAN car rental market faces various challenges. These include regulatory hurdles in different countries, impacting licensing and pricing. Supply chain disruptions, particularly the impact of global events on vehicle availability, can significantly affect operations. Intense competition from established players and the rise of alternative transportation options such as ride-hailing services also present obstacles to growth. The impact of these factors on market profitability and expansion will be quantified wherever possible.
Future Opportunities in ASEAN Car Rental Market
The ASEAN car rental market presents several promising opportunities. The expansion into less-penetrated markets offers significant growth potential. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a chance for car rental companies to capitalize on the growing demand for sustainable transportation. Leveraging technological advancements, including advanced fleet management systems and AI-powered customer service tools, will further enhance operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.
Major Players in the ASEAN Car Rental Market Ecosystem
- Avis Budget Group
- INDORENT
- Blue Bird Group
- Tribecar Pte Ltd
- TRAC
- Sixt SE
- Master Car Rental
Key Developments in ASEAN Car Rental Market Industry
- January 2022: The Middle Eastern mobility company ekar launched car subscription and peer-to-peer carsharing services in Thailand, marking entry into the ASEAN market.
- July 2022: InterContinental Phuket Resort and SIXT Thailand partnered to introduce electric Nissan Leafs to the Phuket rental market, showcasing a shift towards sustainable transportation.
- June 2022: Carro's acquisition of a 50% stake in MPMRent, Indonesia's largest car rental company, signifies significant consolidation within the Indonesian car rental sector. This USD 54 Million deal demonstrates the increasing investment in the market.
Strategic ASEAN Car Rental Market Forecast
The ASEAN car rental market is poised for substantial growth, driven by sustained economic expansion, increasing tourism, and technological advancements. The adoption of innovative technologies, expansion into untapped markets, and strategic partnerships will shape the future of the industry. The forecast period (2025-2033) promises significant opportunities for both established players and new entrants. The market is expected to witness substantial growth, driven by the factors detailed in this report.
ASEAN Car Rental Market Segmentation
-
1. Booking Type
- 1.1. Offline
- 1.2. Online
-
2. Rental Duration
- 2.1. Short-term
- 2.2. Long-term
-
3. Application Type
- 3.1. Tourism
- 3.2. Commuting
ASEAN Car Rental Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Vietnam
- 2. Indonesia
- 3. Malaysia
- 4. Thailand
- 5. Singapore
- 6. Rest of Southeast Asia

ASEAN Car Rental Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 15.70% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increase in Demand for Clean Energy Driving the Market
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Rising Safety Concerns is Antcipated to Restrain the Market
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Rising Tourism Industry in the Region Drives the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 5.1.1. Offline
- 5.1.2. Online
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 5.2.1. Short-term
- 5.2.2. Long-term
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 5.3.1. Tourism
- 5.3.2. Commuting
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Vietnam
- 5.4.2. Indonesia
- 5.4.3. Malaysia
- 5.4.4. Thailand
- 5.4.5. Singapore
- 5.4.6. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 6. Vietnam ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 6.1.1. Offline
- 6.1.2. Online
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 6.2.1. Short-term
- 6.2.2. Long-term
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 6.3.1. Tourism
- 6.3.2. Commuting
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 7. Indonesia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 7.1.1. Offline
- 7.1.2. Online
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 7.2.1. Short-term
- 7.2.2. Long-term
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 7.3.1. Tourism
- 7.3.2. Commuting
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 8. Malaysia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 8.1.1. Offline
- 8.1.2. Online
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 8.2.1. Short-term
- 8.2.2. Long-term
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 8.3.1. Tourism
- 8.3.2. Commuting
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 9. Thailand ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 9.1.1. Offline
- 9.1.2. Online
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 9.2.1. Short-term
- 9.2.2. Long-term
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 9.3.1. Tourism
- 9.3.2. Commuting
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 10. Singapore ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 10.1.1. Offline
- 10.1.2. Online
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 10.2.1. Short-term
- 10.2.2. Long-term
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 10.3.1. Tourism
- 10.3.2. Commuting
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 11. Rest of Southeast Asia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 11.1.1. Offline
- 11.1.2. Online
- 11.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rental Duration
- 11.2.1. Short-term
- 11.2.2. Long-term
- 11.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application Type
- 11.3.1. Tourism
- 11.3.2. Commuting
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Booking Type
- 12. Vietnam ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Indonesia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Malaysia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1.
- 15. Thailand ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1.
- 16. Singapore ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 16.1.1.
- 17. Rest of South East Asia ASEAN Car Rental Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 17.1.1.
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 Avis Budget Group
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 INDORENT
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 Blue Bird Group
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 Tribecar Pte Ltd
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 TRAC
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.6 Sixt SE
- 18.2.6.1. Overview
- 18.2.6.2. Products
- 18.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.7 Master Car Rental*List Not Exhaustive
- 18.2.7.1. Overview
- 18.2.7.2. Products
- 18.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 Avis Budget Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: ASEAN Car Rental Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Booking Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rental Duration 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: ASEAN Car Rental Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the ASEAN Car Rental Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 15.70%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the ASEAN Car Rental Market?
Key companies in the market include Avis Budget Group, INDORENT, Blue Bird Group, Tribecar Pte Ltd, TRAC, Sixt SE, Master Car Rental*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the ASEAN Car Rental Market?
The market segments include Booking Type, Rental Duration, Application Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increase in Demand for Clean Energy Driving the Market.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Rising Tourism Industry in the Region Drives the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Rising Safety Concerns is Antcipated to Restrain the Market.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
June 2022: Carro acquired a 50% stake in the rental arm of Indonesian automotive group PT Mitra Pinasthika Mustika for nearly USD 54 million, according to a statement from the companies. PT Mitra Pinasthika Mustika Rent (MPMRent) is Indonesia's largest car rental company, with a fleet of over 13,000 vehicles and financing services.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "ASEAN Car Rental Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the ASEAN Car Rental Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the ASEAN Car Rental Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the ASEAN Car Rental Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence