Key Insights
The European bacon market, valued at approximately €X billion in 2025, exhibits a steady growth trajectory, projected to reach €Y billion by 2033, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.56%. This growth is driven by several factors. Increasing consumer demand for convenient, ready-to-eat bacon options fuels expansion within the food service and retail sectors. The rising popularity of bacon in various culinary applications, from traditional breakfasts to gourmet sandwiches and salads, further stimulates market expansion. Furthermore, the robust presence of established players like LT Brookes Ltd, OSI Group, and WH Group Limited, coupled with the emergence of artisan bacon producers like Finnebrogue Artisan, contributes to market dynamism and product diversification. While potential restraints such as fluctuating pork prices and concerns about saturated fat content exist, the overall market outlook remains positive, particularly within key markets like Germany, the UK, and France, which represent a significant share of the overall European consumption.
The segmentation of the European bacon market reveals considerable potential. The ready-to-eat bacon segment is experiencing faster growth compared to standard bacon, driven by the convenience factor and increasing consumer demand for quick meal options. Similarly, the food service channel demonstrates robust growth potential, driven by the increasing incorporation of bacon into restaurant menus and the rise of quick-service restaurants. Strategic geographic expansion within Europe, capitalizing on regional variations in consumer preferences and dietary habits, offers significant opportunities for market players. Innovation in bacon production, including the introduction of healthier alternatives and value-added products, will also be a key determinant of future market success. Companies are likely to focus on strategies that balance consumer preferences for premium quality and convenience with cost-effectiveness and sustainability concerns.

Europe Bacon Industry: Market Analysis & Forecast 2019-2033
This comprehensive report delivers an in-depth analysis of the European bacon industry, providing crucial insights for stakeholders seeking to navigate this dynamic market. The report covers the period 2019-2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033. Valuations are presented in millions. This analysis will empower businesses to make informed strategic decisions, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and mitigate potential risks.
Europe Bacon Industry Market Composition & Trends
This section dissects the current state of the European bacon market, examining its competitive landscape, innovation drivers, regulatory environment, and evolving consumer preferences. We analyze market concentration, identifying key players and their market share distribution. The report also delves into the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, evaluating deal values and their influence on market dynamics. Substitute products and their market penetration are also assessed.
Market Concentration: The European bacon market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a few dominant players holding significant market share. The top five players – WH Group Limited, JBS SA (TULIP Ltd), OSI Group (Gelderland), Maple Leaf Foods INC, and LT Brookes Ltd – account for approximately xx% of the total market value in 2025. Smaller players, including Wiltshire Bacon Co and Finnebrogue Artisan, compete effectively in niche segments.
Innovation Catalysts: Growing consumer demand for healthier and more convenient bacon products is driving innovation in areas such as reduced sodium content, organic options, and ready-to-eat formats. Technological advancements in processing and packaging are also enhancing product quality and shelf life.
Regulatory Landscape: EU regulations pertaining to food safety, labeling, and animal welfare significantly impact the industry. Compliance costs and evolving regulations pose both challenges and opportunities for businesses.
Substitute Products: Plant-based bacon alternatives are gaining traction, posing a competitive threat to traditional bacon producers. The report analyzes the market share and growth trajectory of these substitutes.
End-User Profiles: The report profiles key end-users, including food service establishments (restaurants, cafes), retail chains (supermarkets, grocery stores), and food manufacturers.
M&A Activities: The European bacon industry has witnessed several M&A activities in the historical period (2019-2024), with a total estimated deal value of approximately €xx Million. These transactions have reshaped the competitive landscape, leading to increased market concentration and scale.

Europe Bacon Industry Industry Evolution
This section examines the historical and projected growth of the European bacon industry, analyzing market trends, technological advancements, and evolving consumer preferences. Specific data points on growth rates, adoption of new technologies, and changes in consumer demand are provided. The impact of macroeconomic factors, such as economic growth and disposable income levels, are also considered. The report traces the evolution of bacon production methods, packaging innovations, and the emergence of new product categories. It also analyses the influence of consumer health consciousness and dietary trends on industry growth. The shift in distribution channels, from traditional retail to e-commerce and online platforms, is also addressed. Overall, this section provides a comprehensive overview of the industry’s journey, highlighting key turning points and forecasting future trajectories.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Bacon Industry
This section identifies the dominant regions, countries, and market segments within the European bacon industry. Detailed analysis is provided for both Standard Bacon and Ready-to-eat Bacon product types, and the Food Service and Retail distribution channels.
Dominant Regions: Germany and the UK currently hold the largest market shares, driven by strong consumer demand and established production capacities.
Dominant Product Type: Ready-to-eat bacon is experiencing faster growth than standard bacon due to its convenience and appeal to busy consumers.
Dominant Distribution Channel: The retail channel accounts for the largest share of bacon sales, although the food service channel is also experiencing significant growth.
Key Drivers:
- Germany: High per capita consumption of bacon, strong domestic production, and a robust food service sector.
- UK: Large market size, established distribution networks, and significant consumer demand for both standard and ready-to-eat bacon.
- Ready-to-Eat Bacon: Convenience factor, increasing consumer preference for quick meal options, and product innovation leading to diverse flavor profiles and packaging formats.
- Retail Channel: Extensive reach, diverse product offerings, and established consumer purchasing habits.
Further in-depth analysis of dominance factors within the leading regions, countries, and segments will be provided within the report itself.
Europe Bacon Industry Product Innovations
Recent innovations focus on enhancing flavor profiles, improving shelf life, and catering to consumer demands for healthier options. Reduced-sodium bacon, organic bacon, and bacon with added herbs or spices are gaining popularity. Technological advancements in processing and packaging techniques have resulted in more consistent product quality and extended shelf life. This has also allowed for more creative packaging designs that are appealing to modern consumers. Unique selling propositions include the utilization of specific cuts of pork, locally sourced ingredients, and artisan production methods.
Propelling Factors for Europe Bacon Industry Growth
Several factors are driving growth in the European bacon industry. Increased disposable incomes across many European countries are boosting consumer spending on premium food products, including bacon. Technological advancements in production and processing are enhancing efficiency and product quality, contributing to increased market supply. Favorable government regulations supporting the agricultural sector and food processing industries also assist growth.
Obstacles in the Europe Bacon Industry Market
Despite the positive growth outlook, the European bacon industry faces several challenges. Fluctuations in raw material prices (pork) can impact production costs and profitability. Stringent food safety and labeling regulations require significant compliance investments. Increased competition from plant-based bacon alternatives and other meat products are also placing pressure on market share. Supply chain disruptions, particularly those related to logistics and transportation, can affect product availability and pricing.
Future Opportunities in Europe Bacon Industry
Emerging opportunities include expanding into niche markets, developing new product offerings based on consumer demand, and leveraging technological advancements for increased efficiency and sustainability. Exploring new markets within Europe (e.g., Eastern European countries) and expanding into international markets offer significant potential for growth. The development of sustainable and ethically sourced bacon products will resonate with environmentally conscious consumers.
Major Players in the Europe Bacon Industry Ecosystem
- LT Brookes Ltd
- OSI Group (Gelderland)
- Finnebrogue Artisan
- WH Group Limited
- Wiltshire Bacon Co
- Maple Leaf Foods INC
- JBS SA (TULIP Ltd)
- Stirchley Bacon
Key Developments in Europe Bacon Industry Industry
- 2022-Q4: WH Group Limited announced a significant investment in a new bacon processing facility in Germany.
- 2023-Q1: OSI Group (Gelderland) launched a new line of organic bacon products.
- 2023-Q2: Maple Leaf Foods INC acquired a smaller bacon producer in the UK, expanding its market share. (Further developments will be detailed within the report)
Strategic Europe Bacon Industry Market Forecast
The European bacon industry is poised for continued growth over the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by factors such as rising consumer demand, product innovation, and expansion into new markets. Opportunities exist for companies that can adapt to changing consumer preferences, invest in sustainable production practices, and effectively manage supply chain risks. The market is expected to reach a value of €xx Million by 2033.
Europe Bacon Industry Segmentation
-
1. Product Type
- 1.1. Standard Bacon
- 1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
-
2. Distribution Channel
- 2.1. Food Service Channel
-
2.2. Retail Channel
- 2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 2.2.3. Online Stores
- 2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
Europe Bacon Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Spain
- 2. Germany
- 3. United Kingdom
- 4. France
- 5. Italy
- 6. Russia
- 7. Rest of Europe

Europe Bacon Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 2.56% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Popularization of Adventure Sports and Expedition; Suitability of the Freeze-Dried Technique for Heat Sensitive Food Products
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Cost Associated with the Freeze-Drying Technology
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Per Capita Consumption of Pork
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 5.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 5.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 5.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 5.2.2. Retail Channel
- 5.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 5.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 5.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 5.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Spain
- 5.3.2. Germany
- 5.3.3. United Kingdom
- 5.3.4. France
- 5.3.5. Italy
- 5.3.6. Russia
- 5.3.7. Rest of Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6. Spain Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 6.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 6.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 6.2.2. Retail Channel
- 6.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 6.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 6.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 6.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7. Germany Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 7.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 7.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 7.2.2. Retail Channel
- 7.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 7.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 7.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 7.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8. United Kingdom Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 8.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 8.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 8.2.2. Retail Channel
- 8.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 8.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 8.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 8.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 9. France Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 9.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 9.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 9.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 9.2.2. Retail Channel
- 9.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 9.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 9.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 9.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 10. Italy Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 10.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 10.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 10.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 10.2.2. Retail Channel
- 10.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 10.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 10.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 10.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 11. Russia Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 11.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 11.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 11.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 11.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 11.2.2. Retail Channel
- 11.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 11.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 11.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 11.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 12.1.1. Standard Bacon
- 12.1.2. Ready-to-eat Bacon
- 12.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 12.2.1. Food Service Channel
- 12.2.2. Retail Channel
- 12.2.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 12.2.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 12.2.2.3. Online Stores
- 12.2.2.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 13. Germany Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. France Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Italy Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. United Kingdom Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Netherlands Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Sweden Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 19. Rest of Europe Europe Bacon Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 20. Competitive Analysis
- 20.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 20.2. Company Profiles
- 20.2.1 LT Brookes Ltd
- 20.2.1.1. Overview
- 20.2.1.2. Products
- 20.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.2 OSI Group (Gelderland)
- 20.2.2.1. Overview
- 20.2.2.2. Products
- 20.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.3 Finnebrogue Artisan
- 20.2.3.1. Overview
- 20.2.3.2. Products
- 20.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.4 WH Group Limited
- 20.2.4.1. Overview
- 20.2.4.2. Products
- 20.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.5 Wiltshire Bacon Co*List Not Exhaustive
- 20.2.5.1. Overview
- 20.2.5.2. Products
- 20.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.6 Maple Leaf Foods INC
- 20.2.6.1. Overview
- 20.2.6.2. Products
- 20.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.7 JBS SA (TULIP Ltd)
- 20.2.7.1. Overview
- 20.2.7.2. Products
- 20.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.8 Stirchley Bacon
- 20.2.8.1. Overview
- 20.2.8.2. Products
- 20.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.1 LT Brookes Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Bacon Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Germany Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: France Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Italy Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: United Kingdom Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Netherlands Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Sweden Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Europe Europe Bacon Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Europe Bacon Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Bacon Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 2.56%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Bacon Industry?
Key companies in the market include LT Brookes Ltd, OSI Group (Gelderland), Finnebrogue Artisan, WH Group Limited, Wiltshire Bacon Co*List Not Exhaustive, Maple Leaf Foods INC, JBS SA (TULIP Ltd), Stirchley Bacon.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Bacon Industry?
The market segments include Product Type, Distribution Channel.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Popularization of Adventure Sports and Expedition; Suitability of the Freeze-Dried Technique for Heat Sensitive Food Products.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Per Capita Consumption of Pork.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Cost Associated with the Freeze-Drying Technology.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Bacon Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Bacon Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Bacon Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Bacon Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence