Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for renewable energy, supportive government policies promoting clean energy adoption, and the region's vast offshore wind potential. A CAGR exceeding 3.50% from 2019-2033 indicates a significant expansion, with the market size estimated at several billion USD in 2025 (precise figure unavailable but estimated based on industry reports and the provided CAGR). Key growth drivers include China's substantial investments in wind energy infrastructure, India's expanding renewable energy capacity, and the growing awareness of climate change across the region. Furthermore, technological advancements leading to larger, more efficient turbines, reduced manufacturing costs, and improved grid integration are accelerating market adoption. While the onshore segment currently dominates, the offshore segment holds significant potential for future expansion, particularly in coastal regions with suitable wind resources. Challenges remain, including grid infrastructure limitations in some areas and the fluctuating costs of raw materials. However, ongoing innovation and government incentives are mitigating these constraints.
The leading players in the market, including TPI Composites, Siemens Gamesa, and Vestas, are strategically investing in research and development, expanding their manufacturing capacity, and forging partnerships to meet the burgeoning demand. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established multinational corporations and regional players. This dynamic interplay is fostering innovation and driving down prices, ultimately benefiting consumers and accelerating the transition to cleaner energy. Regional variations exist, with China, India, and Japan representing significant market segments due to their economic growth, energy needs, and policy support. The continued expansion of the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market will significantly contribute to the region’s renewable energy goals and global efforts to combat climate change. Future market growth will likely be shaped by evolving government regulations, technological breakthroughs, and the successful integration of large-scale wind farms into existing power grids.

Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market, offering invaluable data and forecasts for stakeholders across the renewable energy sector. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report meticulously examines market trends, technological advancements, and key players shaping this dynamic landscape. Expect detailed insights into market segmentation (onshore and offshore), regional dominance, and the impact of significant industry developments. The report is crucial for investors, manufacturers, policymakers, and anyone seeking a deep understanding of this booming market. The total market value is projected to reach xx Million by 2033.
Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the competitive dynamics of the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market. We analyze market concentration, revealing the market share distribution among key players like TPI Composites Inc, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA, Lianyungang Zhongfu Lianzhong Composites Group Co Ltd, Suzlon Energy Limited, Vestas Wind Systems AS, General Electric Company, Enercon GmbH, and Nordex SE. The report assesses the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, quantifying deal values and their influence on market structure. Innovation catalysts, regulatory landscapes, the emergence of substitute products, evolving end-user profiles, and the overall competitive intensity are all rigorously examined.
- Market Concentration: Analysis of market share held by top 5 players (xx%).
- M&A Activity: Review of significant M&A deals (total value: xx Million) and their impact.
- Regulatory Landscape: Assessment of key regulations influencing market growth in various APAC countries.
- Substitute Products: Evaluation of competing technologies and their market penetration.

Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Industry Evolution
This section charts the evolution of the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market from 2019 to 2033. We trace market growth trajectories, pinpointing key inflection points and analyzing the factors driving expansion. Technological advancements, such as the development of higher-capacity turbines and improved energy efficiency, are thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the report explores shifts in consumer demand, including the growing preference for sustainable energy solutions and the impact of government policies promoting renewable energy adoption. Data points on growth rates (xx% CAGR from 2025 to 2033) and adoption metrics are provided. The impact of significant technological leaps and evolving consumer preferences will be meticulously detailed, showcasing how the market has responded to these changes.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market
This section identifies the dominant regions and segments within the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market. A detailed analysis will focus on the leading region/country and segment (either Onshore or Offshore, with justification).
Key Drivers (Onshore/Offshore - choose one):
- Favorable government policies and subsidies.
- Abundant wind resources in specific locations.
- Growing demand for renewable energy.
- Investment trends (xx Million invested in the chosen segment in 2024).
- Development of grid infrastructure.
Dominance Factors: In-depth analysis of the factors contributing to the dominance of the leading region/country/segment, including geographic factors, market maturity, and policy support.
Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Product Innovations
This section showcases recent product innovations in the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market. We will analyze advancements in turbine design, materials, and control systems, highlighting their impact on performance metrics such as capacity, efficiency, and lifespan. Unique selling propositions (USPs) and technological advancements driving market competition will be emphasized. For example, the emergence of larger capacity turbines (18 MW and above) with enhanced efficiency and reduced per-megawatt weight is a significant driver of innovation.
Propelling Factors for Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Growth
Several factors fuel the growth of the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market. Technological advancements, including higher capacity turbines and improved energy storage solutions, are major drivers. Supportive government policies, including subsidies and renewable energy mandates, accelerate market expansion. The increasing affordability of wind energy and growing consumer demand for sustainable energy contribute significantly. Specific examples will be provided to illustrate these factors and their impact on the market's growth trajectory.
Obstacles in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Market
Despite its promising outlook, the Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market faces several challenges. Regulatory hurdles, such as permitting delays and inconsistent policy frameworks, can impede project development. Supply chain disruptions, particularly in the sourcing of key components, can impact production and timelines. Intense competition among manufacturers can put downward pressure on prices, potentially affecting profitability. These challenges, along with their quantifiable impact on market growth, are comprehensively discussed.
Future Opportunities in Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market
The Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market presents significant future opportunities. The expansion into new markets with untapped wind resources creates potential for substantial growth. Technological advancements, such as floating offshore wind turbines and improved energy storage technologies, open avenues for further market expansion. Evolving consumer preferences and increasing environmental awareness create further demand.
Major Players in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Ecosystem
- TPI Composites Inc
- Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA
- Lianyungang Zhongfu Lianzhong Composites Group Co Ltd
- Suzlon Energy Limited
- Vestas Wind Systems AS
- General Electric Company
- Enercon GmbH
- Nordex SE
Key Developments in Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Industry
November 2022: Chinese CSSC Haizhuang unveils plans for an 18 MW wind turbine, featuring an 827-foot (252-meter) impeller diameter, a 480-foot (146-meter) hub, and a medium-speed gear transmission, signifying a significant leap in turbine technology. This development underscores the rapid innovation within the Chinese wind energy sector and its potential impact on global market competitiveness.
September 2022: Vena Energy, a leading renewable energy company in Asia-Pacific, announces plans for two offshore wind projects (Wei-Na and Wei-Long) with a combined capacity of 1.8 GW in Taiwan. The projects are expected to utilize large wind turbines with capacities ranging from 14 MW to 20 MW, signaling the increasing adoption of high-capacity turbines in offshore wind projects and the growing importance of the Taiwanese market.
Strategic Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Market Forecast
The Asia-Pacific large wind turbine market is poised for robust growth, driven by a confluence of factors. Technological advancements, supportive government policies, and the increasing demand for renewable energy are key catalysts. The market's expansion into new regions and the emergence of innovative technologies promise significant future opportunities. The market is projected to experience substantial growth in the coming years, with xx Million in projected revenue by 2033.
Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Segmentation
-
1. Location
- 1.1. Offshore
- 1.2. Onshore
-
2. Geography
- 2.1. India
- 2.2. China
- 2.3. Japan
- 2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. India
- 2. China
- 3. Japan
- 4. Rest of Asia Pacific

Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.50% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Rising Energy Demand4.; The Increasing Share of Renewables in the Power Generation Mix
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Adopting Clean Energy Sources Like Solar and Other Alternatives
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Offshore Wind Turbine to Witness a Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 5.1.1. Offshore
- 5.1.2. Onshore
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.2.1. India
- 5.2.2. China
- 5.2.3. Japan
- 5.2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. India
- 5.3.2. China
- 5.3.3. Japan
- 5.3.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 6. India Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 6.1.1. Offshore
- 6.1.2. Onshore
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.2.1. India
- 6.2.2. China
- 6.2.3. Japan
- 6.2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 7. China Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 7.1.1. Offshore
- 7.1.2. Onshore
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.2.1. India
- 7.2.2. China
- 7.2.3. Japan
- 7.2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 8. Japan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 8.1.1. Offshore
- 8.1.2. Onshore
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.2.1. India
- 8.2.2. China
- 8.2.3. Japan
- 8.2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 9. Rest of Asia Pacific Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 9.1.1. Offshore
- 9.1.2. Onshore
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.2.1. India
- 9.2.2. China
- 9.2.3. Japan
- 9.2.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 10. China Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Japan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. India Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. South Korea Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Taiwan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Australia Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Competitive Analysis
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 17.2. Company Profiles
- 17.2.1 TPI Composites Inc
- 17.2.1.1. Overview
- 17.2.1.2. Products
- 17.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.2 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA
- 17.2.2.1. Overview
- 17.2.2.2. Products
- 17.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.3 Lianyungang Zhongfu Lianzhong Composites Group Co Ltd
- 17.2.3.1. Overview
- 17.2.3.2. Products
- 17.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.4 Suzlon Energy Limited
- 17.2.4.1. Overview
- 17.2.4.2. Products
- 17.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.5 Vestas Wind Systems AS
- 17.2.5.1. Overview
- 17.2.5.2. Products
- 17.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.6 General Electric Company
- 17.2.6.1. Overview
- 17.2.6.2. Products
- 17.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.7 Enercon GmbH
- 17.2.7.1. Overview
- 17.2.7.2. Products
- 17.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.8 Nordex SE
- 17.2.8.1. Overview
- 17.2.8.2. Products
- 17.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.1 TPI Composites Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: China Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: China Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Japan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Japan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: India Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: India Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South Korea Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South Korea Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Taiwan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Taiwan Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Australia Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Australia Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume (K Units) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market Volume K Units Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market?
Key companies in the market include TPI Composites Inc, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA, Lianyungang Zhongfu Lianzhong Composites Group Co Ltd, Suzlon Energy Limited, Vestas Wind Systems AS, General Electric Company, Enercon GmbH , Nordex SE.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market?
The market segments include Location, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Rising Energy Demand4.; The Increasing Share of Renewables in the Power Generation Mix.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Offshore Wind Turbine to Witness a Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Adopting Clean Energy Sources Like Solar and Other Alternatives.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In November 2022, Chinese CSSC Haizhuang plans to launch an 18 MW wind turbine with an impeller diameter of 827 feet (252 meters), the lightest per megawatt weight, and a 480-foot (146-meter) hub. According to the product's specifications, the turbine is equipped with a medium-speed gear transmission, easily disassembled and integrated features, and a permanent magnet generator.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Units.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia-Pacific Large Wind Turbine Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence