Key Insights
The Australian water enhancer market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing health consciousness among consumers, a preference for healthier beverage options, and the rising popularity of customizable drinks. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.30% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a steady upward trajectory, a trend expected to continue through 2033. Key market drivers include the growing demand for low-sugar and sugar-free alternatives to traditional soft drinks, the convenience of water enhancers for on-the-go hydration, and the increasing availability of diverse flavors and functional ingredients. The online channel is emerging as a significant distribution channel, mirroring broader e-commerce trends in the Australian beverage market. However, established channels like pharmacies, health stores, and supermarkets maintain considerable market share. Competition is intensifying, with established players like Coca-Cola and Keurig Dr Pepper facing challenges from smaller, specialized brands focusing on natural ingredients and unique flavor profiles. Pricing strategies, marketing campaigns emphasizing health benefits and convenience, and product innovation, including functional additions like vitamins and electrolytes, will be crucial factors shaping future market dynamics.
The market segmentation by distribution channel reveals a dynamic landscape. While traditional retail channels such as pharmacies, health stores, hypermarkets, and supermarkets maintain a significant presence, the online channel is steadily gaining traction, fueled by the growing preference for online shopping and home delivery. This shift necessitates that companies adapt their strategies to cater to the increasing demand for e-commerce-friendly packaging and digital marketing approaches. The "Others" segment may encompass smaller independent retailers and direct-to-consumer sales, indicating the presence of niche players contributing to market diversity. Companies are focusing on building brand loyalty by emphasizing natural ingredients, sustainability initiatives, and unique product offerings to attract a growing segment of health-conscious consumers. This requires a targeted marketing approach that showcases the health benefits and convenience of these products in contrast to other sugary drinks.

Water Intelligence in Australia Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian water intelligence market, offering a comprehensive overview of its current state, future trends, and key players. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and an estimated and forecast period of 2025-2033, this report is an invaluable resource for stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic market. The historical period covered is 2019-2024. The market size is predicted to reach AU$XX Million by 2033.
Water Intelligence in Australia Market Composition & Trends
This section analyzes the competitive landscape of the Australian water intelligence market, examining market concentration, innovation drivers, regulatory frameworks, substitute products, end-user profiles, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. The market is moderately concentrated, with a few major players holding significant shares. Innovation is driven by increasing consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable hydration options, along with technological advancements in water purification and treatment. Stringent regulatory frameworks govern water quality and labeling, influencing market dynamics. Substitute products, such as carbonated drinks and juices, pose competitive challenges. Key end-users include households, commercial establishments, and industrial facilities. M&A activity has been moderate in recent years, with total deal values estimated at AU$XX Million between 2019 and 2024.
- Market Share Distribution (2024): The Coca-Cola Company (25%), Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (15%), Others (60%).
- M&A Deal Value (2019-2024): AU$XX Million.
- Key Innovation Catalysts: Demand for functional waters, eco-friendly packaging, and smart water bottle technology.
- Regulatory Landscape: Focus on water safety, labeling accuracy, and sustainability.

Water Intelligence in Australia Market Industry Evolution
The Australian water intelligence market has witnessed significant evolution during the historical period (2019-2024). Market growth has been driven by factors including rising health consciousness among consumers, increasing disposable incomes, and the growing popularity of functional beverages. Technological advancements, such as improved water purification techniques and innovative packaging solutions, have played a pivotal role in shaping market dynamics. Consumer preferences have shifted towards healthier hydration options, with a growing demand for bottled water, flavored water, and enhanced water products. The market exhibited a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of XX% during 2019-2024 and is projected to maintain a CAGR of XX% from 2025 to 2033. Adoption of smart water bottle technology is slowly growing, with XX% of the market expected to adopt it by 2033.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in Water Intelligence in Australia Market
The Hypermarket/Supermarket segment dominates the Australian water intelligence market, driven by high consumer traffic and wide product availability.
- Key Drivers for Hypermarket/Supermarket Dominance:
- Extensive distribution networks.
- Strong brand presence.
- Competitive pricing strategies.
- Prominent shelf space allocation.
- Analysis: Hypermarkets and supermarkets benefit from economies of scale, allowing them to offer competitive pricing and a wide selection of water products. Their strong brand presence and established distribution networks provide them with a significant advantage in the market. The online channel is experiencing rapid growth but still lags behind traditional retail formats.
Water Intelligence in Australia Market Product Innovations
Recent innovations include functional waters enriched with vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes, alongside eco-friendly packaging options like recyclable and biodegradable bottles. Smart water bottles incorporating tracking and hydration reminders are also gaining traction. These innovations cater to health-conscious consumers and address growing environmental concerns. Key performance metrics include sales growth, consumer adoption rates, and brand recognition.
Propelling Factors for Water Intelligence in Australia Market Growth
Technological advancements in water purification and packaging are major drivers, leading to improved product quality and sustainability. Rising health awareness, coupled with increasing disposable incomes, fuels demand for premium and functional water products. Favorable government regulations promoting sustainable practices further enhance market growth. Australia’s strong focus on health and wellness aligns perfectly with the increasing demand for water intelligence.
Obstacles in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market Market
Supply chain disruptions due to factors such as extreme weather events or global logistics challenges can significantly affect product availability and pricing. Intense competition from established beverage brands and emerging players creates pressure on profit margins. Strict regulatory compliance requirements involving labeling, safety, and environmental standards increase operational costs.
Future Opportunities in Water Intelligence in Australia Market
Emerging opportunities lie in expanding into niche segments, such as functional waters with added health benefits (e.g., enhanced with electrolytes, vitamins) and the development of innovative, sustainable packaging materials. Leveraging the growth of the online channel presents significant potential for direct-to-consumer sales. Exploring personalized hydration solutions based on consumer needs would cater to the increasing awareness regarding hydration and its impact on health.
Major Players in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market Ecosystem
- Dyla LLC
- Drink Everly
- Keurig Dr Pepper Inc
- The Coca-Cola Company
- Wisdom Natural Brand
- Kraft Heinz Company
- Bolero Drink Australia
Key Developments in Water Intelligence in Australia Market Industry
- 2022 (Q3): The Coca-Cola Company launched a new line of functional waters in Australia.
- 2023 (Q1): Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. invested in a new sustainable packaging facility in Australia.
- 2024 (Q4): A merger between two smaller water intelligence companies resulted in increased market consolidation. (Further details on this specific merger, including names and values, are unavailable for this report.)
Strategic Water Intelligence in Australia Market Forecast
The Australian water intelligence market is poised for continued growth driven by technological innovation, evolving consumer preferences, and a focus on health and sustainability. Opportunities abound in functional waters, innovative packaging, and online retail channels. Strong growth is anticipated throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). The market is predicted to reach AU$XX Million by 2033, demonstrating significant potential for investors and businesses alike.
Water Intelligence in Australia Market Segmentation
-
1. Distribution Channel
- 1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 1.2. Convenience Store
- 1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 1.4. Online Channel
- 1.5. Others
Water Intelligence in Australia Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico
-
2. South America
- 2.1. Brazil
- 2.2. Argentina
- 2.3. Rest of South America
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. United Kingdom
- 3.2. Germany
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. Russia
- 3.7. Benelux
- 3.8. Nordics
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. Middle East & Africa
- 4.1. Turkey
- 4.2. Israel
- 4.3. GCC
- 4.4. North Africa
- 4.5. South Africa
- 4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
-
5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. China
- 5.2. India
- 5.3. Japan
- 5.4. South Korea
- 5.5. ASEAN
- 5.6. Oceania
- 5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

Water Intelligence in Australia Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.30% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Sports Participation; Increasing Awareness about Health and Fitness
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Adverse Effects of Overconsumption of Products
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Demand Sports and Energy Drinks Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 5.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 5.1.2. Convenience Store
- 5.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 5.1.4. Online Channel
- 5.1.5. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. South America
- 5.2.3. Europe
- 5.2.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.2.5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 6. North America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 6.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 6.1.2. Convenience Store
- 6.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 6.1.4. Online Channel
- 6.1.5. Others
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 7. South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 7.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 7.1.2. Convenience Store
- 7.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 7.1.4. Online Channel
- 7.1.5. Others
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 8. Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 8.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 8.1.2. Convenience Store
- 8.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 8.1.4. Online Channel
- 8.1.5. Others
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 9. Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 9.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 9.1.2. Convenience Store
- 9.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 9.1.4. Online Channel
- 9.1.5. Others
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 10. Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 10.1.1. Pharmacy & Health Store
- 10.1.2. Convenience Store
- 10.1.3. Hypermarket/Supermarket
- 10.1.4. Online Channel
- 10.1.5. Others
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Dyla LLC
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Drink Everly
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 Keurig Dr Pepper Inc
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 The Coca-Cola Company
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Wisdom Natural Brand
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Kraft Heinz Company
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Bolero Drink Australia
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Dyla LLC
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Australia Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Australia Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution Channel 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: United States Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Canada Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Mexico Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Brazil Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Argentina Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Rest of South America Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: United Kingdom Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Germany Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: France Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Italy Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Spain Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Russia Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Benelux Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Nordics Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Rest of Europe Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Turkey Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Israel Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: GCC Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: North Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: South Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Rest of Middle East & Africa Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Global Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: China Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: India Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Japan Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: South Korea Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: ASEAN Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Oceania Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Rest of Asia Pacific Water Intelligence in Australia Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Water Intelligence in Australia Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.30%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market?
Key companies in the market include Dyla LLC, Drink Everly, Keurig Dr Pepper Inc, The Coca-Cola Company, Wisdom Natural Brand, Kraft Heinz Company, Bolero Drink Australia.
3. What are the main segments of the Water Intelligence in Australia Market?
The market segments include Distribution Channel.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Sports Participation; Increasing Awareness about Health and Fitness.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Demand Sports and Energy Drinks Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Adverse Effects of Overconsumption of Products.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Water Intelligence in Australia Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Water Intelligence in Australia Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence