Key Insights
The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Payload and Subsystems market is poised for substantial expansion, driven by escalating demand in surveillance, reconnaissance, and defense. With a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.22%, the market is forecasted to grow from a size of $11.6 billion in the base year of 2024 to reach new heights by 2033. Key growth drivers include advancements in sensor technologies such as high-resolution cameras, LiDAR, and hyperspectral sensors, coupled with payload miniaturization. The increasing integration of UAVs across sectors like agriculture, infrastructure inspection, and law enforcement further fuels this growth. Government investments in defense and security initiatives, alongside the demand for real-time data acquisition, are accelerating the adoption of sophisticated UAV payloads and subsystems. Segments like sensors and weaponry are expected to experience particularly strong performance.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Market Size (In Billion)
North America and Europe currently dominate the UAV Payload and Subsystems market due to their advanced technological landscapes, strong defense sectors, and early adoption of UAVs. However, the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the most rapid growth, propelled by infrastructure development, swift technological uptake, and increasing defense expenditures in nations like China and India. Despite regulatory challenges and data security concerns, the market outlook remains optimistic, supported by ongoing innovation and the expanding application scope of UAV technologies. Intense competition among established and emerging players is fostering innovation and driving market accessibility.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Company Market Share
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market, offering a comprehensive overview of market dynamics, technological advancements, key players, and future growth prospects. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year, and a forecast period of 2025-2033. The report is crucial for stakeholders seeking to understand the current market landscape and make informed strategic decisions in this rapidly evolving sector. The market is estimated to be valued at xx Million in 2025 and projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Market Composition & Trends
This section delves into the intricate composition of the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market, examining key trends shaping its evolution. We analyze market concentration, revealing the market share distribution among leading players like YUNEE, Textron Inc, L3Harris Technologies Inc, and others. The report also explores innovation catalysts, such as advancements in sensor technology and AI integration, and the influence of regulatory landscapes on market growth. The analysis encompasses substitute products, end-user profiles (military, commercial, etc.), and a detailed examination of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, including deal values and their impact on market dynamics. For example, the increasing adoption of AI-powered sensors is driving significant growth, and the M&A activity, though fluctuating, has significantly shaped market consolidation. The market share of the top 5 players is estimated at xx% in 2025. Key observations include:
- Market Concentration: Highly concentrated with top players holding significant market share.
- Innovation Catalysts: Advancements in AI, miniaturization, and sensor technologies.
- Regulatory Landscape: Varying regulations across geographies impact market access and growth.
- Substitute Products: Limited direct substitutes, but alternative surveillance technologies pose indirect competition.
- End-User Profiles: Military and defense remain the largest segment, followed by commercial applications like agriculture and surveying.
- M&A Activity: Strategic acquisitions are driving market consolidation, with an estimated xx Million in M&A deal value in 2024.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Industry Evolution
This section meticulously charts the evolution of the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market, analyzing its growth trajectory, technological advancements, and shifting consumer demands over the period 2019-2033. We provide concrete data points, including growth rates and adoption metrics across different segments (Payload: Sensors, Weaponry, Radar and Communications, Other Payloads). The market has witnessed remarkable growth driven by factors like increasing defense budgets, the rising adoption of UAVs for commercial applications, and technological advancements leading to improved payload capabilities and functionalities. The market is experiencing a shift towards smaller, lighter, and more energy-efficient payloads, coupled with increasing demand for advanced sensor technologies like hyperspectral and LiDAR. The report details the impact of these trends on market segmentation and growth rates, offering insights into past performance and future projections. The average annual growth rate for the historical period (2019-2024) was approximately xx%, while the forecasted growth rate for 2025-2033 is estimated to be xx%.
Leading Regions, Countries, or Segments in UAV Payload and Subsystems Market
This section identifies the dominant regions, countries, and segments within the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market, focusing on Payload categories: Sensors, Weaponry, Radar and Communications, and Other Payloads. The analysis pinpoints key drivers contributing to their dominance, utilizing bullet points for clarity and paragraphs for a deeper understanding.
Dominant Region/Country: North America is currently the leading region, driven by high defense spending and technological advancements.
Key Drivers:
- High Defense Spending: Significant investments in military UAV programs fuel market growth.
- Technological Advancements: North America is at the forefront of UAV technology innovation.
- Favorable Regulatory Environment: Supportive regulations facilitate UAV adoption.
Dominant Segment: The Sensors segment holds the largest market share, driven by the increasing demand for high-resolution imagery and data analytics.
Key Drivers:
- Technological Advancements: Continuous improvement in sensor technology, including hyperspectral and multispectral imaging.
- Diverse Applications: Sensors are used across various sectors including agriculture, surveillance, and infrastructure monitoring.
- Data Analytics: Growth in data analytics capabilities increases the value and demand for high-quality sensor data.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Product Innovations
The UAV Payload and Subsystems Market is characterized by continuous product innovation, focusing on enhancing payload capabilities, reducing size and weight, and improving performance metrics. Recent innovations include miniaturized sensors with improved resolution and spectral range, AI-powered image processing algorithms for enhanced situational awareness, and advanced communication systems for real-time data transmission. These advancements have expanded the applications of UAV payloads across various sectors, improving efficiency and effectiveness. Unique selling propositions include improved accuracy, reduced operational costs, and enhanced data analytics capabilities.
Propelling Factors for UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Growth
Several factors drive the growth of the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market. Technological advancements, such as the development of smaller, lighter, and more efficient payloads, are a major contributor. Economic factors, including increasing defense budgets and the growing adoption of UAVs in commercial applications (agriculture, surveying, infrastructure inspection), further fuel market expansion. Favorable regulatory environments in certain regions encourage innovation and adoption, while government initiatives promoting the use of UAV technology provide additional impetus. The decreasing cost of components also contributes to increased accessibility and affordability.
Obstacles in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Market
Despite significant growth potential, several obstacles hinder the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market. Strict regulations and licensing requirements in some regions restrict the widespread adoption of UAVs. Supply chain disruptions can impact the availability of critical components, while intense competition among established players and new entrants creates pricing pressure. Concerns regarding data security and privacy also need to be addressed for wider acceptance. The overall impact of these restraints is estimated to reduce the market growth by approximately xx% annually.
Future Opportunities in UAV Payload and Subsystems Market
The UAV Payload and Subsystems Market presents several promising future opportunities. The emergence of new markets, such as autonomous delivery and infrastructure monitoring, creates significant potential for growth. Advancements in technologies like AI, machine learning, and sensor fusion will further enhance payload capabilities. Increasing demand for data-driven insights across various sectors will also drive the adoption of sophisticated payload systems. Furthermore, the development of more robust and secure communication systems will expand the operational range and capabilities of UAVs.
Major Players in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Ecosystem
Key Developments in UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Industry
- January 2023: YUNEE launched a new high-resolution thermal imaging payload.
- March 2023: L3Harris Technologies Inc. and Elbit Systems Ltd. announced a strategic partnership for developing advanced payload systems.
- June 2023: Lockheed Martin Corporation unveiled a new AI-powered payload for autonomous navigation.
- September 2023: Textron Inc. acquired a smaller UAV payload manufacturer, expanding its product portfolio. (Further details on specific months and years of other developments would require access to a more complete industry news database.)
Strategic UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Market Forecast
The UAV Payload and Subsystems Market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by technological advancements, increasing demand from diverse sectors, and supportive regulatory environments. The continued miniaturization and enhancement of payloads, coupled with the growth of data analytics and AI capabilities, will further propel market expansion. New application areas, like autonomous delivery and precision agriculture, present lucrative opportunities. The market's future success hinges on addressing challenges related to regulation, supply chain resilience, and data security, paving the way for a robust and sustainable future.
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Segmentation
-
1. Payload
- 1.1. Sensors
- 1.2. Weaponry
- 1.3. Radar and Communications
- 1.4. Other Payloads
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
-
2. Europe
- 2.1. United Kingdom
- 2.2. France
- 2.3. Germany
- 2.4. Rest of Europe
-
3. Asia Pacific
- 3.1. China
- 3.2. India
- 3.3. Japan
- 3.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
4. Middle East and Africa
- 4.1. Saudi Arabia
- 4.2. Turkey
- 4.3. Israel
- 4.4. Rest of Middle East and Africa
-
5. Latin America
- 5.1. Brazil
- 5.2. Rest of Latin America
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Regional Market Share
Geographic Coverage of UAV Payload and Subsystems Market
UAV Payload and Subsystems Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.22% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. The Sensor Segment is Expected to Witness Significant Growth During the Forecast Period
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 5.1.1. Sensors
- 5.1.2. Weaponry
- 5.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 5.1.4. Other Payloads
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Middle East and Africa
- 5.2.5. Latin America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 6. North America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 6.1.1. Sensors
- 6.1.2. Weaponry
- 6.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 6.1.4. Other Payloads
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 7. Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 7.1.1. Sensors
- 7.1.2. Weaponry
- 7.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 7.1.4. Other Payloads
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 8. Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 8.1.1. Sensors
- 8.1.2. Weaponry
- 8.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 8.1.4. Other Payloads
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 9. Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 9.1.1. Sensors
- 9.1.2. Weaponry
- 9.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 9.1.4. Other Payloads
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 10. Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 10.1.1. Sensors
- 10.1.2. Weaponry
- 10.1.3. Radar and Communications
- 10.1.4. Other Payloads
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Payload
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2025
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 YUNEE
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Textron Inc
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 L3Harris Technologies Inc
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Lockheed Martin Corporation
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Elbit Systems Ltd
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Teledyne Technologies Incorporated
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 AeroVironment Inc
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 BAE Systems PLC
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 SZ DJI Technology Co Ltd
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.11 Northrop Grumman Corporation
- 11.2.11.1. Overview
- 11.2.11.2. Products
- 11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.12 The Boeing Company
- 11.2.12.1. Overview
- 11.2.12.2. Products
- 11.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 YUNEE
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Breakdown (billion, %) by Region 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: North America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 3: North America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 4: North America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 5: North America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 6: Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 7: Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 8: Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 9: Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 10: Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 11: Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 12: Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 13: Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 14: Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 15: Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 16: Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 17: Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 18: Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 19: Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Payload 2025 & 2033
- Figure 20: Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 21: Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: United States UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Canada UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: United Kingdom UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: France UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Germany UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Rest of Europe UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: China UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: India UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Japan UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Rest of Asia Pacific UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: Saudi Arabia UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: Turkey UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: Israel UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Rest of Middle East and Africa UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Payload 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Global UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Brazil UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Rest of Latin America UAV Payload and Subsystems Market Revenue (billion) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.22%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market?
Key companies in the market include YUNEE, Textron Inc, L3Harris Technologies Inc, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Elbit Systems Ltd, Teledyne Technologies Incorporated, AeroVironment Inc, BAE Systems PLC, Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd, SZ DJI Technology Co Ltd, Northrop Grumman Corporation, The Boeing Company.
3. What are the main segments of the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market?
The market segments include Payload.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 11.6 billion as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
N/A
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
The Sensor Segment is Expected to Witness Significant Growth During the Forecast Period.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
N/A
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "UAV Payload and Subsystems Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the UAV Payload and Subsystems Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence